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THE CRUSADES Around 1000, the kingdoms of Western Europe had one thing in common – Christianity. The Crusades exemplify the church’s great influence over medieval European society. The Crusades were holy wars against the Muslims and Arabs who controlled the Holy Land (Jerusalem and other sites Jesus preached). Muslims and Arabs had controlled the Holy Land since the 7th century. They did, however, tolerate Christian pilgrims. In 1071, a hard-line Muslim group took over the Holy Land and banned Christian pilgrims. Pope Urban II called on European kings to launch a crusade or holy war to retake the Holy Land in the name of Christianity. The 1st Crusade (1096-1099) Involved up 34 000 knights and peasant soldiers A success The Europeans took Muslim territory along the eastern Mediterranean and renamed the area the Christian States. In 1099, the Crusaders captured the Holy Land and the Holy City (Jerusalem). The 2nd Crusade (1147) A failure: The Crusaders unsuccessfully attempted to win back lands the Muslims had recaptured. The 3rd Crusade (1187-1192) Saladin (a great Muslim leader) captured Jerusalem and 3 European Kings led by Richard the Lionheart of England launched a crusade to retake the Holy City. Neither side could defeat the other, therefore, they called a truce in 1192. Christians were now allowed to visit Jerusalem. The 4th Crusade (1202) Led by the city of Venice, the crusaders attacked and conquered the city of Constantinople instead of the Holy Land. Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine empire and Venice’s rival. This crusade was viewed as an embarrassment to the church because Constantinople was a Christian city. Results of the Crusades The Pope and the Roman Catholic Church became highly esteemed thanks to the 1st and 3rd crusades. Kings actually became more powerful because many of those that might have challenged their authority were killed in the Crusades. Eastern products were introduced to Europe (ie. Cotton, sugar, spices).