Download Amino Acid Dissimilarities for Beta Hemoglobin Protein

Biology I
Chapter 15
Theory of Evolution
Vocab #1-5
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Against/Opposite
Before
Blood Vessel
Both
Primitive/Ancient
Vocab #6-10
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Artery
Front
Human
Joint
Masculine
Vocab #11-15
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Half
DNA  RNA
Phospholipid bilayer
RNA  Protein
Same
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Amino Acid
Gamete
Ion
Nucleotide
Zygote
Protein
Do Now
• What is the estimated age of the Earth?
– 4 billion years
Review
• Genotype-genetic information for one or
many genes
o
o
o
AA
Aa
aa
• Phenotype-outward expression of
genotype
o
Hair color
Theory
• Theory-a well-supported explanation for
some aspect of the natural world that
incorporates many observations,
inferences, and tested hypotheses.
George Cuvier
• Reconstructed the appearance of unique
organisms from fossil bones
• Extinct-A species that has disappeared
permanently
Charles Lyell
• Uniformitarianism-states that the geologic
processes that shaped Earth in the past
continue to operate in the same way today
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
• Inheritance of acquired characteristicsindividuals acquire traits during their
lifetime as a result of experience or
behavior and then pass those traits to
offspring.
Charles Darwin
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English Naturalist
December 1831-HMS Beagle
Galapagos Islands
Evolution-A heritable change in a species
over time
• 1859-”Origin of the Species”
Do Now
• What does HMS stand for?
Darwin’s Ideas
• Descent with Modification-the term used
by Darwin to describe the process of
evolution.
Natural Selection
• Natural selection-the process by which
organisms with traits well suited to their
environment survive and reproduce more
successfully than organisms less suited to
the same environment.
Natural Selection
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1. Overproduction
2. Genetic Variation
3. Struggle to Survive
Adaptation- The process by which a
population becomes better suited to its
environment
• 4. Differential Reproduction
Natural Selection
• Fitness-a measure of an individual’s
hereditary contribution to the next
generation.
Do Now
The theory of endosymbiosis provides a possible explanation for
how eukaryotic cells came into existence. The presence of
chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms is one phenomenon
explained by this theory.
Based on the theory of endosymbiosis, what was the significance
of the development of chloroplasts?
• A. The development of chloroplasts caused a large increase in carbon
dioxide levels in Earth's atmosphere, which allowed the evolution of
organisms that perform cellular respiration.
• B. The development of chloroplasts led to the oxygenation of Earth's
atmosphere, which allowed the evolution of more complex oxygen-breathing
organisms.
• C. The development of chloroplasts caused a large increase in the amount
of water on Earth, which led to the existence of living organisms.
• D. The development of chloroplasts led to the initial formation of DNA,
which allowed organisms to replicate through asexual reproduction.
Fossils
• Fossil-the remains or traces of an
organism that died long ago
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Shells or old bones
Any traces of dead organisms
Insects trapped in tree sap
Fossil Formation
• Animal fossils may form when:
An animal is buried by sediment
An animal is buried on the ocean floor, in
swamps, in mud, or in tar pits
o An animal’s tissue is replaced by harder
minerals (petrification).
o
o
Fossils
• Relative Age-a fossil’s age compared to
that of other fossils
• Absolute Age-the time since formation
Fossils
• Transitional species-have features that
are intermediate between those of
hypothesized ancestors and later
descendant species.
Do Now
• The instructions for building proteins necessary for all
life functions are coded within an organism's genetic
code. The genetic code of an organism consists of
codons, or sequences of three nucleotides, that each
code for a specific amino acid. Amino acids are the
building blocks of proteins.
• The amino acids coded by specific codons
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A. are different for every organism on Earth.
B. differ between plants and animals.
C. differ between members of different species.
D. are almost universal among all living things.
Biogeography
• Biogeography-the study of the locations of
organisms around the world
Anatomy and Embryology
• The study of embryological similarities
and differences among species is called
comparative embryology.
Anatomy and Embryology
• The diagram below shows a variety of
animals at different stages of
development. Which of the following
statements is supported by this diagram?
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A. Humans undergo more stages of development than
other animals, such as salamanders, tortoises, chickens,
and pigs.
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B. The developmental stages of animals are radically
different; they do not possess any similarities at all.
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C. There are similarities in the developmental stages of
different organisms in the animal kingdom.
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D. Diverse organisms in the animal kingdom possess
more similarities during the fetal stages of development
than during their embryonic stages.
Anatomy and Embryology
• Homologous structures-structures are
similar because they originated in a
common ancestor (Same structure;
different function)
o
Ex. Human arm, Penguin wing, Alligator leg,
Bat wing
Human
Cat
Whale
Bat
Anatomy and Embryology
• Analogous structures-have closely related
functions but do not derive from the same
ancestral form. (Different structure; same
function.)
o
Ex. Bird, bat, and moth wings
Anatomy and Embryology
• Vestigial Structure-Anatomical structures
that appear to be derived from a functional
structure in an ancestor, but that currently
do not serve an important function
o
Ex. Human tailbone & appendix
Biological Molecules
• Comparative biochemistry is the study of
similarities and differences in DNA
sequences among organisms.
• Organisms share proteins & nucleic acids.
• Organisms that share many traits should
have a more recent common ancestor
than organisms that share
fewer
traits.
• Ex. The occurrence of the
same blood protein in a group
of species provides evidence that
these species descended from a
common ancestor.
Do Now
• The following data table summarizes the number
of differences in amino acid sequences found for
four different species.
• Amino Acid Dissimilarities
• for Beta Hemoglobin Protein
A
A
B
C
B
C
D
8
3
5
0
1
5
D
• Based on the data table, which two species are
most closely related?
• A.
species B and species C
• B.
species B and species D
• C.
species C and species D
• D.
species A and species B
Developing Theory
• Modern Synthesis:
closely related species will show similarities in
amino acid & DNA sequences.
o If species have changed over time, their genes
should have changed.
o
• Phylogeny-relationships by ancestry
among groups of organisms.
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Fossil evidence, anatomical evidence, DNA,
and other molecular evidence to model
Developing Theory
• Phylogenetic Treeshows a hypothesized
phylogeny.
Evolution in Action
• Convergent Evolution-different species
evolve similar traits (analogous structures)
• Divergent Evolution-the accumulation of
differences between populations that once
formed a single population (homologous
structures).
Divergent Evolution
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W
X
Y
Z
• The figures above show the forelimb structure of four
extinct species of crawling animals. The circles
represent wrist bones, and the digits extend from the
wrist.
• All living descendants of this group have three digits
attached to a single wrist bone. Based on the
evidence provided, which species diverged from the
common ancestor earliest?
A.
W
B.
X
C.
Y
D.
Z
Evolution in Action
• Adaptive Radiation-a new population in a
new environment will undergo divergent
evolution until the population fills many
parts of the environment.
Artificial Selection
• Artificial Selection-a human breeder
chooses individuals that will parent the
next generation
o
Speeds up the process of divergent evolution.
Coevolution
• Coevolution-occurs as two or more
species change over time due to each
other’s influence
• Cut W
Cut X
Cut Y
Cut Z
• The figures above show four vertical cuts
through different canyons. The top layer is the
youngest layer, and the bottom layer is the oldest.
In the layers are fossils of shellfish. Which cut
would be possible evidence that a circular
shellfish evolved from a hexagonal shellfish?
• A. Cut W
C. Cut Y
• B. Cut X
D. Cut Z
Essay
• Why did Darwin think that the finches he
observed and collected in the Galapagos Islands
shared a common ancestor?
Do Now
• Write 3 lines explaining natural selection.