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What Plant Parts Do You Eat? • 1. What are some vegetables that you have eaten? • 2. Do you know what plant parts these vegetables come from? Let’s Take a Look at Some Vegetables… • 1. Carrot – Is a root – It is so wide because the plant ends up taking in more food than it can use, and so it stores the extra food in its roots. Then these roots get bigger and bigger until we pull them up and eat them • 2. Celery – Is a stem – Is used as a medicine for joint and urinary tract inflammations. The whole plant is gently stimulating, nourishing and restorative. • 3. Onion – Is a stem that grows underground – Is a bulb, which is made up of a central stem surrounded by short, thick leaves. The leaves wrap around and protect the stem and also store food. May remain dormant for a long time, yet still grow into a plant • 4. Potato – Is a stem that grows underground – Is a tuber, which stores food. – The spots on a potato are called eyes. They are actually undeveloped buds where new plants can grow from. So if we wanted to grow more potato plants, we could cut a big potato into small pieces and plant the pieces that have at least one eye. • 5. Cabbage – Are leaves – Leaves of a cabbage head are packed very tightly next to each other • 6. Broccoli – Is a stem with green, fleshy flower heads – Is a good source of vitamins A & C, iron, calcium and also provides fiber. Eating more broccoli can reduce the risk of getting cancer. – We are eating 900% more broccoli today than 20 years ago! • 7. Corn kernel – Is a type of fruit called a caryopsis, which is a kind of fruit with a single seed. – Each corn fruit only has one seed. – Also the seed coat is fused with the inner wall of the fruit so you can not separate the seed from the rest of the fruit. – A caryopsis is dry and hard when the fruit is ripe. PLANT STRUCTURE Flowering plants Conebearing plants Ferns and their relatives Flowers; Seeds Enclosed in Fruit Mosses and their relatives Seeds Chapter 23 BIO 392 Water-Conducting (Vascular) Tissue Green algae ancestor Remember… • Organisms are made up • Plants are made up of: of: – 1. Organ Systems 1. Organ Systems – 2. Organs – 3. Tissues 2. Organs: Roots, Stems, Leaves – 4. Cells 3. Tissues: Dermal, Vascular, Ground, Meristematic 4. Cells: epidermal cells, tracheids, vessel elements, sieve tube elements, companion cells, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, 3 Plant Organs • Roots • Stems • Leaves Root, Stem, and Leaf Tissues Section 23-1 Leaf Stem Root Dermal tissue Vascular tissue Ground tissue Concept Map Section 23-1 Plant Tissues include Dermal tissue Meristematic tissue includes Epidermal cells includes Xylem includes Tracheids Vascular tissue Vessel elements Ground tissue includes Phloem Parenchyma cells includes Sieve tube elements Companion cells Collenchyma cells Schlerenchyma cells 4 PLANT TISSUE SYSTEMS (cont.) A) DERMAL TISSUE The outer covering of the plant 1. “the skin” 2. may have a waxy covering to prevent water loss B) VASCULAR TISSUE: Transports fluids,nutrients,food throughout the plant 1. “the bloodstream” 2. Xylem: transports water 3. Phloem: transports food (sugars made) C) GROUND TISSUE everything else 4 PLANT TISSUE SYSTEMS D) MERISTEMATIC TISSUE Source of new growth for the entire life of the plant 1. Primary Growth: plants grow taller and deeper a. Only in tips of roots & shoots b. Apical meristem = “the bud” 2. Secondary Growth: plants grow wider a. Lateral meristem tissue b. Also known as vascular or cork cambium Root Words Section 23-2 The word root is not used only by biologists. Read over each of the following sentences. Try to determine the meaning of the boldfaced word(s) in each sentence. Then, explain how each use of the word root is related to the root of a plant. 1. The love of money is the root of all evil. 2. Tired of moving from place to place, he took root in our hometown. 3. The police were determined to root out the criminals. ROOTS A. FUNCTION 1. Absorbs water & dissolved nutrients/minerals from soil 2. Anchors plant & prevents erosion B. TYPES: 1. Taproots long & thick, 2. Fibrous roots thin & branching ROOTS (cont.) C. STRUCTURE & TRANSPORT 1. Outer epidermal layer a. covered by tiny root hairs = more surface area = more absorption b. contain active transport proteins in their cell membranes to pump minerals from soil into plant. c. water follows by osmosis ROOT STRUCTURE cont. 2. Large layer of Ground tissue a. spongy cortex b. endodermis encloses vascular tissue i. cells are surrounded by Casparian strips - waterproof barriers that force water to go THROUGH cells, not around. - Keep flow one way (osmosis = high to low) 3. Central Vascular cylinder a. water moves into the xylem b. because it cannot go backward, the only place to go is up the stem i. this is called “Root Pressure” Section 23-2 The Structure of a Root Epidermis Endodermis Root hairs Ground tissue (cortex) Phloem Xylem Vascular Cylinder Ground tissue (cortex) Epidermis Endodermis Vascular cylinder Zone of maturation Zone of elongation Apical meristem Root cap Cross Section of Plant Root (magnification: 40x) Stem Study Imagine walking through a botanical garden. You probably would see many different kinds of plants, such as small and large trees, flowering plants, and cacti. 1. How do the stems of trees, flowering plants, and cacti differ? 2. How are the stems of these plants similar? A. FUNCTION STEMS 1. Support; hold leaves up in the sunlight 2. Transport substances between roots & leaves B. TRANSPORT 1. Capillary Action a. water moves by cohesion from roots b. one-way 2. Nutrients are transported through stem a. in phloem b. in 2 directions Leaves: Up Close and Personal Section 23-4 Pin oak Dandelion Eastern white pine 1. Describe the shape of each leaf. 2. Describe the features of each leaf. 3. How is the structure of a leaf related to its function? LEAVES A. FUNCTION 1. Site of photosynthesis B. STRUCTURE 1. Epidermis is covered by cuticle a. reduces evaporation 2. Mesophyll – specialized ground tissue a. lots of chloroplasts b. where photosynthesis occurs 3. Veins of xylem & phloem branch The Internal Structure of a Leaf Section 23-4 Cuticle Veins Epidermis Palisade mesophyll Xylem Vein Phloem Spongy mesophyll Epidermis Stoma Guard cells LEAVES cont. C. SPECIAL STRUCTURES 1. Stomata: exterior openings on underside of leaf. Site of gas exchange (pores) a. Oxygen goes out b. Carbon dioxide goes in c. Water vapor goes out 2. Guard cells: surround & control stomata openings Section 23-4 Function of Guard Cells Guard cells Guard cells Inner cell wall Inner cell wall Stoma Stoma Open Stoma Closed LEAVES cont. D. TRANSPORT 1. Water escapes through stomata a. process of transpiration (evaporation) b. as water exits, more is drawn up through stem from roots 2. Stomata open & close to prevent excessive water loss. Section 23-5 Transpiration A B Evaporation of water molecules out of leaves. Pull of water molecules upward from the roots. Videos • Water Transport Video • Phloem Transport Video Tree Ring Analysis Tree Ring Pictures from http://web.utk.edu/~grissino/gallery.htm#Rings A A cross section of a small red oak (Quercus rubra) that clearly shows the tree rings in both the heartwood (darker colored wood in the center) and sapwood (lighter colored wood towards the outside). B 2. The blackened areas indicate that this tree had been in a fire. An incredible set of tree rings on a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) section from Lake Louise in southern Georgia. Notice how tight the ring growth is here. Longleaf pines are very slow-growing and ideal for reconstructing climate in the coastal plain region of the Southeastern U.S. C 4. The scar on the left side of the tree indicates that this tree was subjected to an avalanche A cross section from a white spruce (Picea glauca) that was struck by a snow avalanche (impact scar on the left side of the section) in the Canadian Rocky Mountains near Alberta, Canada. D 1. This tree has the least amount of rings = It is the youngest. 3. This tree has about 12 rings = It is about 12 years old. 5. This tree lived near a plentiful water source. You can tell because the thicker rings indicate weather conditions that were favorable for tree growth. A simple, yet elegant picture of tree rings from a very young balsam fir (Abies balsamea) This was a person’s Christmas tree.