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BIODIVERSITY AND NATURAL SELECTION NOTES ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: HOW ARE LIVING THINGS INTERCONNECTED? EXPLAIN ADAPTATION. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATURAL SELECTION AND SELECTIVE BREADING? HOW DOES AN ENVIRONMENT SUPPORT LIFE? • Habitat • A specific place where an organism lives • Support life since they have conditions that suit the organisms that live there • Microhabitat • A very small, specialized habitat • Garden • School yard WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? • The number and variety of plants, animals, and other organisms living in an area • Describes the many genetic traits observed within a given species • The variation of genes within a species WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT FOR ECOSYSTEMS? • An ecosystem with a high level of biodiversity has many different species that constantly interact with each other and the environment • High biodiversity makes the ecosystem more stable when faced with an environmental change WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT FOR HUMANS? • We are part of the ecosystem • We depend on other organisms to help keep the environment suitable for our life and health • We depend on other species for: • Medicines, food, materials for clothing, etc. WHAT IS SUSTAINABILITY? • Sustainability • The ability of the environment to meet human needs indefinitely • We depend on access to clean air, clean fresh water, fertile soils, mineral deposits, and other important natural resources. • Overpopulation and over use of resources has led to habitat loss and pollution of air, water, and soil WHAT IS A POPULATION? • Species • A group of organisms that can reproduce only with one another and not with other organisms • Population • A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same place at the same time. • Classifying organisms allows us to better understand how they interact in nature WHAT IS VARIATION? • Variation • The differences that occur in individuals within a species • Partly due to the genetic variations of the individuals • Mutation • Change in DNA WHY IS VARIATION IMPORTANT? • Genetic variation results in a population that improves survival changes of certain species • No genetic variation = no change in the population = easier for extinction WHO IS CHARLES DARWIN? WHAT DID HE OBSERVE? • Was a naturalist • Observed land forms and collected fossil and animal specimens from the Galapagos Islands, specifically Mockingbirds • Formed his ideas about how populations could evolve WHO IS CHARLES DARWIN? WHAT DID HE OBSERVE? • Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution • states that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce WHAT IS NATURAL SELECTION? • The process by which organisms that inherit helpful traits tend to reproduce more successfully than other organism • Four parts that contribute to evolution by natural selection: • Overproduction, Genetic variation, selection, and adaptation WHAT IS ADAPTATION? • An inherited trait that improves survival and reproductive success of an organism • Selection can work only on traits that exist in a population. • Individuals with a helpful trait are more likely to survive to reproduce • As a result, the helpful trait, or adaptation, is “selected” for • The adaptation is passed onto the next generation and over time becomes more common in the population, as long as the trait remains adaptive HOW DO SPECIES CHANGE OVER TIME? • Parents and offspring often have small genetic differences between them • Over many generations, the small differences may add up to larger genetic differences in later populations HOW DO SPECIES CHANGE OVER TIME? • The spread of antibiotic resistance genes in bacterial populations is an example of the benefits adaptations can have for a population • The genetic makeup of several bacterial species and populations has changed over time because they inherited resistance genes from earlier generations HOW CAN ADAPTATION LEAD TO SPECIES SURVIVAL? • For populations and entire species to survive, individuals must survive to reproduce. • Adaptations help organisms survive in their environment • If a population does not have individuals with traits that would help them survive in a changed environment the population may decline; at worst, the entire species may die out WHAT IS SELECTIVE BREEDING? •The practice by which humans breed specific plants or animals for desired traits