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Unit 4: Respiration & coordination 4.2 Chemical coordination in animals By Mr. Wilson Hormones • From Greek ‘To Set In Motion’. • Chemical messenger from one cell/group of cells to another. • Mainly secreted from endocrine glands into bloodstream to act on distant organs. • Rate of production often linked to a negative feedback system. • Neurones may stimulate production. Major endocrine glands (Male left, female on the right.) 1. Pineal gland 2. Pituitary gland 3. Thyroid gland 4. Thymus 5. Adrenal gland 6. Pancreas 7. Ovary 8.Testis Actions of hormones • Hormone actions vary widely, but can include stimulation or inhibition of growth, induction or suppression of apoptosis (programmed cell death), activation or inhibition of the immune system, regulating metabolism and preparation for a new activity (e.g., fighting, fleeing, mating) or phase of life (e.g., puberty, caring for offspring, menopause). In many cases, one hormone may regulate the production and release of other hormones. Many of the responses to hormone signals can be described as serving to regulate metabolic activity of an organ or tissue. Hormones also control the reproductive cycle of virtually all multi-cellular organisms. Action of a steroid hormone Control of blood glucose • Two hormones involved: Glucagon from alpha Islet of Langerhans cells & Insulin from beta Islet of Langerhans cells in pancreas. • Vocabulary – Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, deamination, glycogenesis • Copy the diagram of how hormones may activate specific enzymes in cells. Negative feedback & blood glucose A negative feedback mechanism • Show your understanding of negative feedback with a simple diagram to show how the temperature of a water bath is maintained by a thermostat. • Why is it called negative feedback? Explaining negative feedback Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) • Involved in osmoregulation (control of body water). • Operates on a principle of negative feedback. • Receptors (osmoreceptors) are in hypothalamus. • ADH makes distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of nephrons MORE permeable to water. Osmoregulation Reproductive hormones • Research which hormones are involved in bringing about secondary sexual characteristics and controlling various stages of reproduction and pregnancy. • Where produced, target tissue/organs and effect. • You may want to present this information in a table for clarity.