Download The Human Body: Anatomical Regions, Directions

The Human Body:
Anatomical Regions,
Directions, and Body Cavities
Chapter 1
Things to know for the Quiz:
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Directional Terms
Body Cavities
Body Systems
Levels of organization
Prefixes
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy – the study of the structure of
body parts and their relationships to one
another
1. Gross anatomy and 2. Microscopic anatomy)
• Physiology – the study of the function of
the body’s structural machinery
1. Gross Anatomy
• Regional – all structures in one part of the
body
– Example: studying all structures in the abdomen
• Systemic – gross anatomy of the body
studied by system
– Example: studying the digestive system
• Surface – study of external features as they
relate to the underlying features
– Example: The jugular notch/ sternal angle can
help locate the second rib.
2. Microscopic Anatomy
• Cytology – study of the cell
– “cyto” means cell
• Histology – study of tissues
– “histo” means tissue
Physiology
• Considers the operation of specific
organ systems
– Renal – kidney function
– Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous
system
– Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and
blood vessels
• Focuses on the functions of the body,
often at the cellular or molecular level
Physiology
• Understanding physiology also requires
a knowledge of physics, which explains
electrical currents, blood pressure, and
the way muscle uses bone for movement
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up of molecules
Atoms
Smooth
muscle
tissue
3 Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of
cells
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
Heart
Cardiovascular
system
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues
Blood
vessels
Blood
vessel
(organ)
6 Organismal level
The human organism is
made up of many organ
systems
5 Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different organs
that work together closely
Figure 1.1
Levels of Structural
Organization
• Chemical – atoms combined to form
molecules
• Cellular – cells are made of molecules
• Tissue – consists of similar types of cells
• Organ – made up of different types of tissues
• Organ system – consists of different organs
that work closely together
• Organism – made up of the organ systems
Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a
relatively stable internal environment in
an ever-changing outside world
• The internal environment of the body is in
a dynamic state of equilibrium
• Chemical, thermal, and neural factors
interact to maintain homeostasis
Negative
Feedback
• When a deviation
from homeostasis
occurs, the system
makes the
deviation smaller.
• Think of negative
as opposite.
Positive Feedback
• When a deviation from homeostasis
occurs, the system responds by making
the deviation EVEN greater.
• Rare in healthy individuals.
• Not enough blood to the heart? Your heart
will contract and move blood – but if
you’ve LOST blood, the heart rate
increases and pumps more. And you lose
MORE blood, so the heart pumps
more…etc. etc.
Anatomical Position
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Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away
from body
• Right and Left are
absolute.
RIGHT
LEG
LEFT
LEG
Figure 1.7a
Anatomical Position
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Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away
from body
• PRONE is face down.
• SUPINE is face up.
RIGHT
LEG
LEFT
LEG
Figure 1.7a
Directional Terms
• Superior and inferior – toward and
away from the head, respectively
• Anterior and posterior – toward the
front and back of the body
• Medial, lateral, and intermediate –
toward the midline, away from the
midline, and between a more medial and
lateral structure
Directional Terms
• Proximal and distal – closer to and
farther from the origin of the body
• Superficial and deep – toward and away
from the body surface
Directional Terms
Table 1.1
Directional Terms
Table 1.1
Regional Terms: Anterior View
In your book: Page 11 Figure 1.8
Regional Terms: Posterior View
• Axial – head, neck, and trunk
• Appendicular – appendages or limbs
Body Planes
• Sagittal – divides the body into right and
left parts
• Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane
that lies on the midline
• Frontal or coronal – divides the body
into anterior and posterior parts
• Transverse or horizontal (cross
section) – divides the body into superior
and inferior parts
Body Planes
Body Planes
Figure 1.8
Midsagittal
section
through head