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Gestalt Psychology Presented by Rachel Barnes, Ph.D. Reminders • LATE WORK • Due November 17 (NEXT TUESDAY) • Unless approved by me PRIOR to this • Papers, discussions, option 2 seminars • Worth the points, even if reduced • CHECK GRADE FEEDBACK • FINAL PROJECT • Due November 17th • If hand in by November 15th (Sunday) at noon, I will review and get back to you • PLEASE take advantage of this and writing center! Gestalt Principles • How did it differ from Behaviorism? • Revolted against elementistic nature of Wundt’s work - “brick and mortar psychology” • More to perception than meets the eye • Associated with the ideas of physics • Phi Phenomenon - illusion the stationary flashing lights are moving from one place to another • Existed as perceived and could not be reduced • What did the Gestalt psychologists mean by the expressions, “the whole is different from the sum of its parts” and “there is more to perception than meets the eye”? Max Wertheimer QuickTi me™ and a decompressor are needed to see t his pict ure. • Czech-born Jewish teacher • Proposed that the operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies • soap bubble - shape is not defined by a rigid template or a mathematical formula, but it emerges spontaneously by the parallel action of surface tension acting at all points • Focus on the orm-forming capability of our senses, particularly with respect to the visual recognition of figures and whole forms instead of just a collection of simple lines and curves Kurt Koffka Qui ckTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see thi s pi cture. • Student of Karl Stumpf, participated as subject of phi phenomenon • Child Development • Infants first perceive and respond holistically • Later are they able to perceive the individual sensations that comprise the whole Wolfgang Kohler • • • • Spokesman for Gestalt movement Trained in physics and psychology Studied apes, but became tired of this Criticized Nazi regime and fled from Germany Principles of Organization 1. Proximity - parts that are close together in time and space appear connected 2. Continuity - tendency in our perception to follow a direction to connect elements in a way that makes them seem continuous 3. Similarity - similar parts tend to be seen closer together as forming a group 4. Closure - tending to complete figures, fill in gaps 5. Simplicity - we tend to see a figure as being as good as possible 1. Symmetrical, simple, stable, perceived as complete and organized 6. Figure-ground - organized by figure and background Kurt Lewin • Force field analysis • provides a framework for looking at the factors (forces) that influence a situation, originally social situations • Looks at forces that are either driving movement toward a goal (helping forces) or blocking movement toward a goal (hindering forces). • Life space - The places where you physically go, the people and events that occur there, and your feelings about the place and people. • One part of this is the places you inhabit every day, or at least regularly. • Another part is places you've been to, but go only very occasionally or may never go back to again. Lewin (Cont’d) • Zeigarnik effect • Tendency to recall uncompleted tasks better than completed tasks • Social psychology • Focus on group dynamics • Emphasized social action research • Promoted sensitivity training Quic kT i me™ and a dec om pres s or are needed t o s ee thi s pi c ture. Insight • How does insight learning differ from trial-and-error learning? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m DntbGRPeEU • In what ways did Gestalt psychology affect psychology as a whole? How does the Gestalt perspective shed light on our understanding of the behavior of individuals within groups? Have a great week! • Please be sure to answer both discussions questions • Begin thinking about the final project and contact me with questions