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LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS DESCRIPTION LIGHTING DESCRIPTION: MOTORS A DEVICE THAT CONSUMES ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN THE PROCESS OF PERFORMING WORK. CONVENIENCE OUTLETS HEATING ELEMENTS ELECTRONIC DEVICES SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT RESISTIVE LOADS & INDUCTIVE LOADS VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS DESCRIPTION LIGHTING LIGHTING: MOTORS PREDOMINANT USER OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN MOST BUILDINGS. CONVENIENCE OUTLETS HEATING ELEMENTS ELECTRONIC DEVICES SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT RESISTIVE LOADS & INDUCTIVE LOADS VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION: LOADS DESCRIPTION MACHINES WHICH CONVERT ELECTRICAL ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY. LIGHTING MOTORS CONVENIENCE OUTLETS USUALLY THE SECOND HIGHEST USER OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY. HEATING ELEMENTS ELECTRONIC DEVICES SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT REQUIRED TO OPERATE FANS OR PUMPS IN HVAC & PLUMBING SYSTEMS & ARE ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF MOST INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES. RESISTIVE LOADS & INDUCTIVE LOADS VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS HORSEPOWER (HP): DESCRIPTION LIGHTING MAXIMUM WORK OUTPUT FROM THE MOTOR SHAFT (1 HP = 746 WATTS). MOTORS CONVENIENCE OUTLETS HEATING ELEMENTS FRACTIONAL MOTORS: LESS THAN ONE HORSEPOWER. ELECTRONIC DEVICES SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT INTEGRAL MOTORS: ONE HORSEPOWER & ABOVE. RESISTIVE LOADS & INDUCTIVE LOADS VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS DIRECT CURRENT: LOADS USED PRIMARILY FOR SMALL APPLICATIONS AND WHEN CLOSE CONTROL OF SPEED OVER A WIDE RANGE OF LOADS IS ESSENTIAL. DESCRIPTION LIGHTING MOTORS CONVENIENCE OUTLETS HEATING ELEMENTS ELECTRONIC DEVICES ELEVATORS, CRANES, & CERTAIN TYPES OF FANS USE DIRECT CURRENT SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT HIGH OPERATING EFFICIENCY. RESISTIVE LOADS & INDUCTIVE LOADS REQUIRES ADDED EQUIPMENT (INVERTER) TO CONVERT UTILITY A-C POWER TO D-C, MAKING D-C MOTOR DRIVE MORE EXPENSIVE. VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS SINGLE-PHASE ALTERNATING CURRENT: DESCRIPTION LIGHTING MOTORS LOWER SERVICE ENTRANCE COST IF ONLY A FEW SMALL MOTORS ARE IN SERVICE. CONVENIENCE OUTLETS HEATING ELEMENTS REQUIRES ONLY 2 HIGH-VOLTAGE LINES & 1 TRANSFORMER. ELECTRONIC DEVICES SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT NOT AVAILABLE IN SIZES ABOVE 7-1/2 HORSEPOWER. RESISTIVE LOADS & INDUCTIVE LOADS TYPICALLY USED FOR MOTORS ¾ HP & LESS. VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS THREE-PHASE ALTERNATING CURRENT: DESCRIPTION LIGHTING MOTORS CONVENIENCE OUTLETS DRAW LESS CURRENT PER HP, THUS SMALLER WIRE CAN BE USED. HEATING ELEMENTS MORE RELIABLE. ELECTRONIC DEVICES MORE EFFICIENT OVER A WIDER RANGE OF LOADING. SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT REQUIRES THREE HIGH-VOLTAGE LINES & THREE TRANSFORMERS. RESISTIVE LOADS & INDUCTIVE LOADS VOLTAGE SYSTEMS USED IN MOTORS 7-1/2 HP AND ABOVE. LOADS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS DESCRIPTION LIGHTING UNIVERSAL MOTORS: MOTORS CONVENIENCE OUTLETS RUN ON DIRECT CURRENT OR ALTERNATING. HEATING ELEMENTS ELECTRONIC DEVICES APPLICATION: MIXERS, HAND DRILLS, ETC. SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT RESISTIVE LOADS & INDUCTIVE LOADS VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS DESCRIPTION LIGHTING MOTORS CONVENIENCE OUTLETS HEATING ELEMENTS ELECTRONIC DEVICES MOTOR EFFICIENCY: SOME POWER IS WASTED AS HEAT IN THE PROCESS OF OVERCOMING RESISTANCE IN THE WIRE & FRICTION IN MECHANICAL MOTION. ENERGY EFFICIENCY RATIO (EER): RATIO OF OUTPUT TO WATTS-IN. EER = SHAFT POWER (OUT)/ELECTRICAL POWER (IN) EER = (HP X 746) / WATTS THE LARGER THE RATING THE GREATER THE EFFICIENCY. SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT TYPICAL RANGE: 85-95%. RESISTIVE LOADS & INDUCTIVE LOADS EFFICIENCY OF SMALLER MOTORS IS LESS THAN LARGER MOTORS. VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LIFE-CYCLE COST FAVORS HIGH EER. LOADS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LIFE: LOADS PRIMARILY A FUNCTION OF THE HOURS OF OPERATION. DESCRIPTION LIGHTING MOTORS SHORT-CYCLING (DUTY CYCLING): STOP & RESTART SERVICE SHORTENS MOTOR LIFE. CONVENIENCE OUTLETS HEATING ELEMENTS DUTY CLASSIFICATION UNDER-SIZE MOTORS EASILY OVERHEAT & BURNOUT. ELECTRONIC DEVICES SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT RESISTIVE LOADS & INDUCTIVE LOADS OVERSIZED MOTORS WASTE ENERGY BY OPERATING AT LESS THAN OPTIMUM EFFICIENCY & MAY WEAR OUT PREMATURELY DUE TO SHORT-CYCLING. VOLTAGE SYSTEMS MOTOR NAMEPLATE LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS VOLTAGE: LOADS VOLTAGE RATING REFERS TO THE VOLTAGE OF THE CIRCUIT TO WHICH THE MOTOR SHOULD BE CONNECTED. DESCRIPTION LIGHTING MOTORS CONVENIENCE OUTLETS TWO VOLTAGE VALUES, SUCH AS 115/230 INDICATES THAT THE MOTOR BE CONNECTED TO EITHER VOLTAGE. HEATING ELEMENTS ELECTRONIC DEVICES SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT TYPICAL FOR SINGLE-PHASE MOTORS. RESISTIVE LOADS & INDUCTIVE LOADS VOLTAGE SYSTEMS 230-V MOTOR CONSUMES ONLY ½ AS MANY AMPS AS 115-V ALLOWING LOWER GAUGE WIRING. MOTOR NAMEPLATE LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS DESCRIPTION LIGHTING MOTORS CONVENIENCE OUTLETS HEATING ELEMENTS ELECTRONIC DEVICES SERVICE FACTOR: INDICATES HOW MUCH OVER THE NAMEPLATE RATING A MOTOR CAN BE DRIVEN WITHOUT OVER HEATING. FRACTIONAL: 1.15-1.25. LARGER MOTORS: 1.15 MOTORS OVER 200 HP HAVE NO SERVICE FACTOR. SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT ALLOWS OCCASIONAL BUT PREDETERMINED OVERLOAD. RESISTIVE LOADS & INDUCTIVE LOADS ALLOWS SLIGHT FUTURE EXPANSION. VOLTAGE SYSTEMS COMPENSATES FOR OCCASIONAL EXCESSIVE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE. MOTOR NAMEPLATE LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS CONVENIENCE OUTLETS: DESCRIPTION LIGHTING DEVICES INTO WHICH PORTABLE ELECTRIC APPLIANCES & EQUIPMENT ARE PLUGGED. MOTORS CONVENIENCE OUTLETS HEATING ELEMENTS ELECTRONIC DEVICES RECEPTACLE CIRCUITS ARE RATED ACCORDING TO THE TOTAL ANTICIPATED AMPERAGE REQUIREMENTS OF ALL CONNECTED LOADS OPERATING CONCURRENTLY. SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT RESISTIVE LOADS & INDUCTIVE LOADS VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS HEATING ELEMENTS: DESCRIPTION LIGHTING A LENGTH OF STAINLESS STEEL WIRE FORMED INTO A COIL & SUPPORTED ON INSULATED PRONGS. MOTORS CONVENIENCE OUTLETS HEATING ELEMENTS THE WIRE IS SIMPLY A RESISTANCE TO THE CURRENT & GENERATES HEAT. ELECTRONIC DEVICES SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT NORMALLY REQUIRES 240-V IF LARGER THAN 1,500 WATTS/ RESISTIVE LOADS & INDUCTIVE LOADS VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS DESCRIPTION LIGHTING MOTORS CONVENIENCE OUTLETS HEATING ELEMENTS ELECTRONIC DEVICES SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT RESISTIVE LOADS & INDUCTIVE LOADS VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS DESCRIPTION MOTORS SPECIAL EQUIPMENT: CONVENIENCE OUTLETS X-RAY EQUIPMENT. LIGHTING HEATING ELEMENTS LAB EQUIPMENT. ELECTRONIC DEVICES SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT RESISTIVE LOADS & INDUCTIVE LOADS VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS DESCRIPTION LIGHTING MOTORS CONVENIENCE OUTLETS HEATING ELEMENTS ELECTRONIC DEVICES SPECIAL PROCESS EQUIPMENT RESISTIVE LOADS & INDUCTIVE LOADS VOLTAGE SYSTEMS RESISTIVE LOADS: CURRENT RISES QUICKLY TO ITS MAXIMUM VALUE AT THE MOMENT THE LOAD IS ENERGIZED AND STAYS THERE. EG., NONBALLASTED LIGHTS & ELECTRIC HEATING ELEMENTS. INDUCTIVE LOADS: DRAW A PEAK CURRENT QUICKLY & THEN DROP BACK TO A VALUE 1/3 TO 1/5 OF THE PEAK VALUE. EG., ELECTRIC MOTORS LOADS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION LOADS 120-V, SINGLE-PHASE, TWO WIRE SECONDARY: VOLTAGE SYSTEMS 120-V, SINGLEPHASE, TWO WIRE USED IN VERY SMALL FACILITIES (SMALL HOUSE OR OUTBUILDING). 120/240-V, SINGLEPHASE, THREE WIRE 120/208-V, THREEPHASE, FOUR WIRE ISOLATED SMALL LOADS UP TO 6 KVA. 277/480-V, THREEPHASE, FOUR WIRE 120 X 50-AMPS = 6000 VA = 6 KVA. 2400/4160-V, THREE-PHASE, FOUR WIRE VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION 120/240-V, SINGLE-PHASE, THREE WIRE SECONDARY: LOADS VOLTAGE SYSTEMS REQUIRED IN RESIDENCES WITH SIX OR MORE 2 WIRE CIRCUITS. 120-V, SINGLEPHASE, TWO WIRE 120/240-V, SINGLEPHASE, THREE WIRE SMALL STORES. 120/208-V, THREEPHASE, FOUR WIRE OTHER OCCUPANCIES WHERE THE LOAD DOES NOT EXCEED 80-A (80% OF 100-A SERVICE). 277/480-V, THREEPHASE, FOUR WIRE 2400/4160-V, THREE-PHASE, FOUR WIRE 240 X 80-AMPS = 19.2 KVA. VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS 120-V/208, THREEPHASE, 4 WIRE SECONDARY: INTRODUCTION LOADS VOLTAGE SYSTEMS 120-V LOADS (LIGHTING, SMALL MACHINES, RECEPTACLES) FEED BY CONNECTION BETWEEN EACH PHASE LEG & NEUTRAL. 120-V, SINGLEPHASE, TWO WIRE 120/240-V, SINGLEPHASE, THREE WIRE MOTORS LARGER THAN ½ HP & ALL 3PHASE LOADS ARE FEED AT 208-V BY CONNECTION BETWEEN THE 3-PHASE LEGS. 120/208-V, THREEPHASE, FOUR WIRE 277/480-V, THREEPHASE, FOUR WIRE 2400/4160-V, THREE-PHASE, FOUR WIRE SINGLE-PHASE, 208-V LOADS FEED BY CONNECTION BETWEEN TWO PHASE LEGS. VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION LOADS VOLTAGE SYSTEMS 120-V, SINGLEPHASE, TWO WIRE 120/240-V, SINGLEPHASE, THREE WIRE 120/208-V, THREEPHASE, FOUR WIRE 277/480-V, THREEPHASE, FOUR WIRE 120/208-V, THREEPHASE, FOUR WIRE SECONDARY: MOST WIDELY USED 3PHASE ARRANGEMENT & IS APPLICABLE TO ALL FACILITIES EXCEPT THE VERY LARGEST ONES (LONG FEEDERS REQUIRE HIGHER VOLTAGE). 2400/4160-V, THREE-PHASE, FOUR WIRE VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS 277-V/480, THREE-PHASE, 4 WIRE SECONDARY: INTRODUCTION LOADS VOLTAGE SYSTEMS UTILIZES 277-V FOR FLUORESCENT LIGHTING. 120-V, SINGLEPHASE, TWO WIRE 480-V FOR MACHINERY. 120/240-V, SINGLEPHASE, THREE WIRE ELECTRICAL CLOSET WITH STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER FOR SUPPLYING 120-V LOADS. 120/208-V, THREEPHASE, FOUR WIRE 277/480-V, THREEPHASE, FOUR WIRE USED IN LARGE BUILDINGS WHERE LIGHTING IS PRINCIPALLY FLUORESCENT & THE 120-V LOAD DOES NOT EXCEED 1/3 OF THE TOTAL LOAD. 2400/4160-V, THREE-PHASE, FOUR WIRE VOLTAGE SYSTEMS LOADS & VOLTAGE SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION LOADS VOLTAGE SYSTEMS 120-V, SINGLEPHASE, TWO WIRE 120/240-V, SINGLEPHASE, THREE WIRE 120/208-V, THREEPHASE, FOUR WIRE 2400-V/4160, THREE-PHASE, 4 WIRE SECONDARY: USED ONLY IN VERY LARGE COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS OR IN INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS WITH MACHINERY REQUIRING THESE VOLTAGES. 277/480-V, THREEPHASE, FOUR WIRE 2400/4160-V, THREE-PHASE, FOUR WIRE VOLTAGE SYSTEMS