Download Cloning The Law, Ethics and Sciences

By: Monica Pilarski
David Bernstein
Jenny Smith
The Sciences
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Cloning comes from the
Greek word “klwn”
meaning twig. The
reason? It’s simple, every
plant you buy at any
garden center is a clone
of some distant relative,
which once supplied a
side-shoot for rooting.
The Procedures
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Cloning is a long and rigorous process that includes many step
by step procedures. Here is a brief overview of some of the
steps.
Using a laparoscope, scientists retrieve eggs from the female
subject.
Next, they place the eggs under a microscope and use a pipette
to puncture them and extract the nuclei out of the cells.
Later, they isolate the nucleus and use a mild electrical shock
to coax the nucleus into moving into the genetically empty
egg.
After days of monitoring the health of the resulting clone, the
fertilized egg is then inserted into the mother to begin its new
stage of development.
Benefits
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One of the most valuable benefits that cloning has, is
the ability to clone healthy human organs.
Scientists have stated that cloning can be used to clone
a healthy organ of some sort and replace the damaged
with the new healthy one.
A specific example is that of a heart - by being able to
treat heart attack victims by cloning their healthy heart
cells and injecting them into the areas of the heart that
have been damaged.
Cloning can also benefit humans in other ways such as:
repairing defective genes, replacing cancer cells, and
helping infertility.
Dolly
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Dolly was not created by the
“normal” union of a sperm
and egg cell from two
parents. Instead, she was
created from the sex cells of
one sheep.
Dolly was created in a glass
dish where the nucleus of a
cell was taken from an adult
sheep and inserted into an
egg.
The successful cloning of
Dolly brings us a step closer
in being able to clone
humans.
The Ethics
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Cloning is one of the most controversial issues in
today’s society due to every person’s own set of moral
beliefs.
There are many different policies that must be
considered when conducting clinical research.
7 Ethical Requirements of Clinical Research
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Value - when doing experimentation with cloning, we must
first decide whether or not the conclusions will lead to some
sort of improvement in health and well-being.
Scientific Validity – there must be a clear objective for cloning.
Cloning research must be based on proven scientific
knowledge and methods.
Fair Subject Selection - In choosing subjects to take part in
cloning, there mustn’t be any biases or discrimination.
Favorable risk-benefit ratio - minimize the risk and maximize
the benefits of cloning.
Independent Review – A board reviews the topics and ethical
issues of cloning.
Informed Consent – When human cloning begins it will be
relevant that the subject give consent to the experimentation.
Respect for Enrolled Subjects – Those who take place in
cloning research or processes must be guaranteed their human
rights and be given the proper respect.
The Law
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There have been numerous bills that
have been introduced into Congress to
prohibit or control cloning practices.
Congress explains that cloning is illegal
in the following terms: “It shall be
unlawful for any person or entity –
1) to perform or attempt human
cloning
2) to participate in an attempt to
perform human cloning
3) to ship or receive the product of
human cloning for any purpose.
Federal funding of cloning is
prohibited in the US.
National Institute of Health
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Research should be allowed
on preexisting embryos.
In certain compelling
instances, researchers would
be allowed to remove
embryonic cells from
embryos that were meant for
in vitro fertilization.
Impregnating clone embryos
into humans should be
banned.
National Bioethics Advisory
Commission
• It is morally unacceptable for
anyone in public or private
sector to clone humans.
• Any attempt to clone humans
is irresponsible and unethical.
• It is ok to clone DNA
sequences, cell lines, and
animals because it does not
raise the issues human
cloning does.
• There should be regulations
on the humane use of
animals.
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