Download Chap_9_Part_2_Pregnancy_and_Parenting

Used by permission of
THE ACADEMY OF NURSING
2355 E. 3900 S.
S.L.C., UT 84124
801-506-0064
BECOMING A PARENT
MOTHERS FEELINGS
• Needs to share fears
• Needs support from others
• Feelings about sex change
FATHERS FEELINGS
• New feelings about sex
• Dreams change
• Many anxieties
• Involvement in pregnancy and birth affects, parenting
SHIFTS IN ROLES
•
•
•
•
•
Identity & inner life changes (values & goals)
Marital roles & relationships
Intergenerational relationships
Roles outside family (work)
New parent roles & relationships (division of
child care)
PARENTHOOD
• Irreversibility
• Lack of
preparation
• Idealization and
romanticization
• Suddenness
• Role conflict
MOTHERHOOD
Intensive Mothering Ideology
What mothers ought to provide:
• Full-time attention
• Self-sacrificing devotion
• Expert guided
• Labor-intensive involvement
with the child
• Child’s needs are more
pressing than those of
mothers
WHAT MOTHER COULD LIVE UP TO THIS EVEN IF SHE
STAYED AT HOME. WHAT IF SHE WORKED?
WHAT IT TAKES
TO BE A
FATHER
Some Facts:
• ½ of all children will spend part
of their childhood in a father
absent home.
• 32% of all children are born to
unmarried women. Among
African American it is 68%.
• Children raised in two-parent
families rarely experience
poverty.
• Data has linked growing up
without a father to:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Under achievement in school
Mental illness
Drug abuse
Youth suicide
Delinquency
Crime
INVOLVE MEN EARLY IN
CHILDREN’S LIVES
•
•
•
•
•
How many male preschool
teachers are there?
How many male teachers
teach grade K-3?
How many male religious
teachers teach ages 3-6?
How about a male cub scout
leader?
When was the last time you
had a male nurse care for
you?
FATHERHOOD
• Changes in sexual relations.
• Anxiety about abilities, baby,
money.
• Witnessing birth is a positive
bonding experience with child.
• “Nurturing father” is able to
participate in all parenting
practices – child benefits.
• Fatherhood is changing fast.
THEORIES OF CHILD
DEVELOPMENT
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY:
Freud
• ID (pleasure seeking)
• Super ego (Controlling)
• Ego (Rational)
Age 4-6 child identifies
with parent of same sex
THEORIES OF CHILD
DEVELOPMENT cont’d
PSYCHOSOCIAL
THEORY:
Erickson (8 stages)
THEORIES OF CHILD
DEVELOPMENT cont’d
• BEHAVIORISM: Watson and Skinner
(reinforcement & operant conditioning)
THEORIES OF CHILD
DEVELOPMENT cont’d
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY: Rotter & Bandura
(interactions of culture, society and family)
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY: Piaget
(assimilation/accommodation)
Genetic epistemologist (genetic = inborn traits,
epistemologist = how you learn about world)
Written in 1930’s translated in 1950-60
Based on brain
Foundation for Headstart
Specific ages develop progressively
THEORIES OF CHILD
DEVELOPMENT cont’d
THEORIES OF CHILD
DEVELOPMENT continued
DEVELOPMENTAL SYSTEMS
APPROACH: Covey
• Development takes place within changing family
system.
• Interdependence, birth order and sibling
interaction
THEORIES OF CHILD
DEVELOPMENT continued
• SYMBOLIC
INTERACTION
THEORY: looking
How others see us
glass self
• (we see self as others see
us)
How others treat us
How we see ourselves
BASIC NEEDS:
List basic need of a child and what you want for
your child on board.
STYLES OF PARENTING
AUTHORITARIAN
• Control
• Punishment/Reward
• Order without freedom
• Outcome: Rebel, Resent, Revenge, Retreat
People are fired in childcare if they spank, slap, hit, shake,
pull or pinch. They are not to use loud or harsh words. No
teasing humiliating, insulting. blaming, threatening,
frightening or laughing at a child.
“THIS POLICY SHOULD ALSO BE USED IN EVERY HOME”
Agree*-----------------------------------------------------------*Disagree
PERMISSIVE
• Laissez Faire
• Anarchy
• Freedom without order
• Outcome: Demanding children, no inner control
AUTHORITATIVE
• Respect
• Consistency & clarity
• Logical consequences
• “I” messages, family meetings
• No physical violence
• Behavior modification – rewards, time out
• Outcome: Self reliant, self controlled, happy
Role play 3 parenting styles with the
following situations:
• It’s bedtime and the children will not go to bed.
• Your child’s room is a mess.
• It is time for your child to come home but they
are in the middle of a school project.
• Your child came home from the store with a
candy bar that she had not paid for.
CONTEMPORARY CHILDRAISING STRATEGIES
Respect
• MAKE SURE THE MESSAGE
OF LOVE GETS THROUGH
Consistency and clarity
• DETERMINE THE RULES
AND CONSEQUENCES BEFOREHAND
Logical consequences
• THE 3 “R’s”: RESPECTFUL, RELATED,
REASONABLE
continued
Open communication
• “The key to good discipline is the relationship”
• Children will listen to you after they feel listened to
No physical punishment
• Where do we ever get the crazy idea that in order to get
to do better, first we have to make them feel worse?
• Impossible to solve problems at time of conflict
children
Behavior modification
• Spend special time
• Mistakes are wunderful oppertuniteez to lern
Solve problem behavior situations
CHILD CARE: What effect does it
have?
Public policy:
• Need for time enhancing policies (paid leaves &
flexible)
• Provide economic security
• Give parents right to vote on behalf of their children
• Legal policies (paid leave for fathers, increased
adoption, less divorce)
• Improved environment (safer communities, media,
better schools, medical care)
• More value & authority to parental role
RATIOS FOR LICENSING IN UTAH
Do these ratios seem
reasonable and beneficial
to children in Utah?
DAY CARE NEEDS
• need low ratios
• check references and
observe
• sensitive, stimulating
environments
Infants – 0 to
12 months
1 teacher to 4
children
Toddlers – 13 1 teacher to 4
to 23 months children
Two Year Olds 1 teacher to 7
children
Three Year
Olds
Four Year
Olds
Five Year Olds
1 teacher to 12
children
1 teacher to 15
children
1 teacher to 20
children
ADOPTION
Problems faced by
adoptive families:
• Choosing open or closed
adoption
• Dealing with feelings
about biological parent
• Dealing with insensitivity
and prejudices of society
• Should you tell a child
they are adopted?
2% ARE ADOPTED – fewer today due
to birth control & keeping of babies
COST = $6,000 – $20,000
Read “Letter from a birth mother”
SELF ESTEEM
“An Optimal sense of identity” by Erikson
What do we base self esteem on?
• Extrinsic Values
• Intrinsic Values
Self esteem has been shown to be
more significant than intelligence
in predicting scholastic success.
“It is only with the heart that one can see rightly; what is
essential is invisible to the eye”.
The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint Exupery
LOW SELF ESTEEM
Powerless, poor ability to cope, low tolerance for differences, inability
to accept responsibility, impaired emotional responsiveness.
• Girls found to have lower self esteem than
boys: Age 9 most girls felt positive, but by
high school only 29% felt good about self.
Boys less also, but not as much.
• Ethnicity: African American much higher
due to strong role models.
– Taught there is nothing wrong with them,
only the way the world treats them.
NEED FOR FOSTERING HIGH
SELF ESTEEM:
• Sense of connectedness
• Sense of uniqueness
• Sense of power
(responsibilities & rules)
• Sense of models of
values & goals
Feedback = timely, honest, specific
VOCABULARY
• 1. Child-free Marriage: Marriage partners have chosen
not to have children.
• 2. Couvade: The psychological or ritualistic
assumption of symptoms of pregnancy & childbirth by
a male.
• 3. Deferred Parenting: Intentional postponement of
child-bearing until after certain goals have been
fulfilled.
• 4. Infant Mortality: Babies that die close to birth.
• 5. Postpartum Period: Three months following
childbirth. A time of physical & emotional
adjustments.
VOCABULARY cont’d
• 6. Spontaneous Abortion: The natural but fatal
expulsion of the embryo or fetus from the uterus,
miscarriage.
• 7. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS): Death of
an apparently healthy infant during it's sleep for
unknown reasons.
• SECTION 2 (Pages 333-336)
• 1. Accommodation: How a child makes adjustments
to his or her framework in order to incorporate new
experiences.
• 2. Assimilation: How a child makes new information
compatible with his or her world understanding.
VOCABULARY cont’d
• 3. Behaviorism: Explains behavior solely on the basis of that
which can be observed.
• 4. Developmental Systems Approach: Recognizes the
importance of an individual's interactions within a complex and
changing family & societal system.
• 5. Ego: Part of the personality that is rational and mediates
between the demands of the id and the constraints imposed by
society.
• 6. Id: Part of the personality that seeks to gratify pleasurable
needs, especially sexual ones.
• 7. Looking glass stage: The influence of others perception of
us on how we come to perceive ourselves
VOCABULARY cont’d
• 8. Operant conditioning: A behavioral technique that
uses a reinforcing stimulus to increase the frequency of
a desired behavior.
• 9. Play Stage: Children play at being specific other
people, taking on one role or viewpoint at a time.
• 10. Reinforcement: The process of influencing a
behavior by adding or withholding a stimulus.
• 11. Superego: Part of the personality that has
internalized societies demands and acts as a sort of
conscience to control the id.
VOCABULARY cont’d
• SECTION 3 & 4 (Pages 337-351)
• 1. Attachment: The degree and quality of an
infant’s attachment to his or her primary
caregiver is reflected in his or her love
relationships as an adult.
• 2. Parent’s Bill of Rights: Recommended policy
initiatives and reforms to improve the
conditions under which parents attempt to raise
children.