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GENETICS: STRUCTURE OF DNA & RNA/PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
MA STANDARD:
Broad Concept: Genes allow for the storage and
transmission of genetic information. They are a set of
instructions encoded in the nucleotide sequence of each
organism. Genes code for the specific sequences of
amino acids that comprise the proteins that are
characteristic of that organism.
STRUCTURE OF DNA & RNA
Describe the basic structure (double helix,
sugar/phosphate backbone, linked by
complementary nucleotide pairs) of DNA
Describe its function in genetic inheritance
REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION
Describe the basic process of DNA replication and
how it relates to the transmission and conservation
of the genetic code.
Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes.
Distinguish among the end products of replication, transcription, and translation.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
1. How is the structure of DNA related to its function of storing genetic information and controlling the activities
of the cell
2. What is RNA’s role in protein synthesis
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
Students will be able to:
 Explain the principal function of DNA.
 Describe the structure of DNA:
o double helix
o sugar/phosphate backbone
o complementary nucleotide pairs
 Explain the role of complementary base pairing in the replication of DNA.
 Explain the main process of DNA replication.
 Explain the primary function of RNA.
 Compare the structure of RNA with that of DNA.
 Describe the structure and function of each type of RNA.
 Explain the process of transcription.
 Describe the genetic code.
 Explain the roles of the start codon and stop codon.
 Explain the process of translation.
Keywords:
nucleotide
purines
complementary base pairs
replication fork
DNA replication
transcription
ribose
transfer RNA
termination signal
anticodon
deoxyribose
pyrimidines
base sequence
DNA polymerases
mutation
translation
messenger RNA
RNA polymerase
genetic code
genome
nitrogenous base
base pairing rules
helicases
semi-conservative replication
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
protein synthesis
ribosomal RNA
promoter
codon
DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA STRUCTURE
Makes up the chromosomes in the nucleus and
never leaves the nucleus
A chromosome is a chain of different genes
DNA has a double helix shape
Has four types of bases: adenine (A), guanine
(G), thymine (T), cytosine (C)
A binds T and G binds C
DNA is complementary, which means that the
bases on one strand match up to the bases on
the other strand
o For example: Strand 1: ATG CCT GAC
Strand 2: TAC GGA CTG
Semi conservative replication is the process by which DNA copies itself
and each new piece of DNA is made up of 1 old strand and 1 new strand
RNA STRUCTURE
RNA
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Ribonucleic acid
RNA is a copy of DNA that goes out into the cytoplasm to tell the
cell what to do in order to stay alive
RNA is single stranded and has uracil (U) rather than thymine (T)
o U binds A and G binds C
o If the DNA:
ATG CCA AAG
Then the RNA will be:
UAC GGU UUC
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION
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DNA REPLICATION
1. Transcription: DNA in the nucleus is used to make
messenger RNA (mRNA)
o DNA has all the directions the cell needs to live
2. RNA moves out into the cytoplasm
o RNA carries the directions to other parts of the cell
3. Translation: The RNA attaches to a ribosome and
directs the production of a protein
o Proteins do all the work in the cell
o Every 3 bases in RNA is called a codon and codes
for 1 amino acid