Download AP Bio Chapter 10 chromosomes mitosis and meiosis

Chapter 10 – Chromosomes, Mitosis and Meiosis
This chapter begins an examination of one of the major the major themes of biology – the transmission of
information, specifically, the transmission of information from one generation of cell or organism to the
next. In prokaryotes, the information is contained in a single circle of DNA. In eukaryotes, it is carried in
the chromosomes contained within the cell nucleus. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein. The
DNA is organized into informational units, or genes, that determine the characteristics of the organism.
Each species in unique due to the information specified by its genes. Genes are passed from parent cell to
daughter cell by a process that ensures that each new nucleus receives the same number and types of
chromosomes as were present in the original nucleus. There are two basic types of reproduction – asexual
and sexual. In asexual reproduction, a single parent cell usually splits, buds, or fragments into two or more
individuals. In sexual reproduction, sex cells, or gametes, are produced by a process that halves the number
of chromosomes in the resulting cells. When two gametes fuse, the resulting cell contains the same number
of chromosomes as the parent cells.
INTRODUCTION
1. Cells contain a massive amount of precisely coded genetic information in the form of DNA,
collectively called the organism’s _____________
EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES
2. DNA and associated proteins form a complex, the ______________________ , that make up
chromosomes.
DNA is organized into information units called genes.
3. According to the Human Genome Project, humans have about ____________ genes that code for
proteins.
DNA is packaged in a highly organized way in chromosomes.
4. Positively charges histones associate with DNA forming structures called __________________
Chromosome number and informational content differ among species
5. Most human body cells have exactly ______________ (#?) chromosomes.
THE CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS
6. The period from the beginning of one cell division to the beginning of the next cell division is the
_________________________________
Chromosomes duplicate during interphase
7. Interphase is divided into the G1 phase, which stands for (a) ____________________ phase, the S
phase, or (b) ___________________ phase, and the G2 phase, or (c) __________________ phase
During prophase, duplicated chromosomes become visible within the microscope
8. Each chromatid includes a constricted region called the _________________
9.
Attached to each centromere is a _______________ ,a structure formed from proteins to which
microtubules can bind.
10. Some of the microtubules radiating from each pole elongate toward the chromosome, forming the
___________________, which separates the chromosomes during anaphase.
Prometaphase begins when the nuclear envelope breaks down
11. In prometaphase, sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome become attached to
_______________ at opposite poles of the cell.
Duplicated chromosomes line up on the midplane during metaphase
12. During, all of the cell’s chromosomes align at the cell’s midplane , or ___________
During anaphase, chromosomes move toward the poles
13. Kinetochore microtubules shorten, or ________________ , during anaphase
During telophase, two separate nuclei form
14. Telophase is characterized by the ___________________________________ and a return to
interphase-like condition
Cytokinesis forms two separate daughter cells
15. In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs by forming a ____________________ , a partition constructed in
the equatorial region of the spindle and growing laterally toward the cell wall
Mitosis produces two cells genetically identical to the parent cell
16. The regularity of the process of cell division ensures that each daughter nucleus receives exactly
the same number and kinds of ______________________ the parent cell had
Lacking nuclei, prokaryotes divide by binary fission
17. The reproduction process in which one cell divides into two offspring cells is named
__________________
REGULATION OF THE CELL CYCLE
18. __________________________ are a group of plant hormones that promote mitosis both in
normal growth and in wound healing
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AND MEIOSIS
19. Offspring inherit traits that are virtually identical to those of their single parent when reproduction
is ___________________________
20. In (a) ____________________ reproduction, offspring receive genetic information from two
parents. Haploid (n) gametes from the parents fuse to form a single (b) ____________ (2n) cell
called the (c) _______________
21. Homologous chromosomes are members of a pair of chromosomes that are similar in
________________________________
Meiosis produces haploid cells with unique gene combinations
22. Meiosis typically consists of two nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions referred to as
___________________
Prophase I includes synapsis and crossing-over
23. During prophase I, homologous chromosomes come to lie lengthwise side by side in a process
known as _________________
24. Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material (crossing over) during the first meiotic
(a) ____________________, providing more (b) ___________________ among gametes and
offspring
During meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate
25. The haploid condition is established as the members of each pair of homologous chromosomes
separate during the first meiotic __________________
Chromatids separate in meiosis II
26. In metaphase II, chromatids are arranged in bundles of (a) __________________, and in
metaphase II, chromatids are in groups of (b) __________________
Mitosis and meiosis lead to contrasting outcomes
27. (a) ____________________________ results in two daughter cells identical to the original cell.
(b) ____________ results in four genetically different, haploid daughter cells.
The timing of meiosis in the life cycle varies among species
28. Sex cells (sperm and egg or ova) are known as (a) ___________________, therefore, the
formation of sex cells is referred to (b) _____________________
29. The formation of sperm is called _______________
30. The formation of egg or ova is called ________________
Building Words – use combinations of prefixes and suffixes to build words for the definitions that follow
Prefixes
The meaning
Suffixes
The meaning
Centrocenter
-gen(esis)
production of
Chromocolor
-mere
part
Dipldouble, in pairs
-phyte
plant
Gametosex cells, eggs and sperm
-some
body
Haplsingle
Interbetween
ooegg
spermatoseed, “sperm”
sporospore
Prefix
___________
Suffix
____________
___________
-phase
___________
___________
___________
-oid
-oid
____________
___________
___________
___________
___________
____________
____________
____________
____________
___________
____________
Definition
1. A dark staining body within the cell nucleus containing genetic
information
2. The stage in the life cycle of a cell that occurs between successive
cell divisions
3. An adjective pertaining to a single set of chromosomes
4. An adjective pertaining to a double set of chromosomes
5. The constricted part or region of a chromosomes (often near the
center) to which a spindle fiber is attached
6. The process by which gametes (sex cells) are produced
7. The process whereby sperm are produced
8. The process whereby eggs are produced
9. The stage in the life cycle of a plant that produces gametes by
mitosis
10.The stage in the life cycle of a plant that produces spores by
meiosis
Matching
a. anaphase
e. interkinesis
i. mitosis
m. synapsis
b. chromatin
f. kinetochore
j. polyploidy
n. telophase
c. crossing over
g. meiosis
k. prophase
d. cytokinesis
h. metaphase
l. S phase
For each of these definitions, select the correct matching term from the list above
____ 1. The last stage of mitosis and meiosis
____ 2. The phase in interphase during which DNA and other chromosomal components are synthesized
____ 3. Portion of the chromosome centromere to which the mitotic spindle fibers attach
____ 4. Process whereby genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromatids during meiosis
____ 5. The phase in mitosis during which the chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate
____ 6. DNA-protein fibers that condense to form chromosomes during prophase
____ 7. Process during which a diploid cell undergoes two successive nuclear divisions resulting in four
haploid cells
____ 8. Have more than two sets of chromosomes per nucleus
____ 9. Division of the cell nucleus resulting in two daughter cells with the identical number of
chromosomes as the parental cell
____10.Stage of cell division in which the cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells
Making Comparisons – fill in the blanks
Event
Chromosome compaction
(condensation)
Cytokinesis
Homologous chromosomes move
to opposite poles
Tetrads form
Cytokinesis occurs
Chromatids separate
Chromosomes line up at the
midplane of the cell
Duplication of DNA
Mitosis
Prophase
Meiosis
Prophase I, prophase II
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