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Digestive system 1 The function of the digestive system is to prepare food for intake by body cells. Nutrients must be broken down by mechanical and chemical means into molecules that are small enough to be absorbed into the circulation. Within cells, the nutrients are used for energy and for rebuilding vital cell components. Digestion takes place in the digestive tract. 2 Functions of the Digestive System : Digestion Absorption Elimination 3 Digestive tract The human digestive system includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), large intestine(cecum, appendix,colon and rectum) and anus. 4 Mouth, oral cavity Or/o: oral cavity, oral administration oral language stomat/o: stomatitis, stomatoscopy saliva: is the watery substance produced in the mouths. It is produced in and secreted from the salivary glands. Human saliva is composed mostly of water (99.5%), but also includes electrolytes, mucus, antibacterial compounds, and various enzymes . The enzymes in the saliva break down some of the starch and fat in the food at the molecular level salivary amylase 5 Tooth denti- , dent(o): Dentist: a medical professional who specializes in the care of teeth Dentalgia: toothache odont/o: Oligodontia: the condition of naturally having fewer than the regular number of teeth, it is also called hypodontia Periodontitis: refers to a number of inflammatory diseases affecting the tissues that surround and support the teeth 6 tongue Lingu/o Linguistics Sublingual tablet: Usually a small, flat tablet intended to be inserted beneath the tongue, where the active ingredient is absorbed directly through the oral mucosa and into blood; such a tablet dissolves very promptly. Nitroglycerin sublingual tablet: a type of vasodilator. It relaxes blood vessels, increasing the blood and oxygen supply to your heart. This medicine is used to relieve chest pain caused by angina. 7 esophagus esophagus is a muscular tube whose contractions can propel food to the stomach. eso- = inside, inward phag/o= swallow esogastritis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach phagocyte: cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria and dead or dying cells 8 Stomach The three basic/main functions of the stomach are to kill any bacteria ingested, break down the food into smaller pieces to create a larger surface area for easier digestion, and to hold food and release it at a constant rate. The stomach is a highly acidic environment due to hydrochloric acid production and secretion which produces a pH range usually between 1 and 2. Combined with digestive enzymes, such an environment is able to break down large molecules to smaller ones so that they can eventually be absorbed from the small intestine. A zymogen called pepsinogen is secreted and turns into pepsin under low pH conditions and is a necessity in protein digestion 9 gastr/o:stomach gastritis gastroscopy gastralgia gastrectomy gastrelcosis Pept/i, peps/i: digestion pepsin: an enzyme in the stomach and which degrades food proteins into peptides peptic ulcer: affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system, occur in the lower end of the esophagus, the stomach, or in the duodenum. dyspepsia: hard or difficult digestion 10 Small and large intestine The small intestine is the major site for digestion and absorption of nutrients. The upper part, the duodenum, is the most active in digestion. Secretions from the liver and pancreas are used for digestion in the duodenum. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and stomach acid neutralizing bicarbonate. Protease (enzymes secreted from the pancreas) continue the breakdown of protein into small peptide fragments and some amino acids. 11 The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gall bladder before entering the bile duct into the duodenum. Bile emulsifies fats, making them susceptible to enzymatic breakdown. Bile contains cholesterol, phospholipids, bilirubin (胆红素), and a mix of salts. The large intestine consists of the colon, cecum, appendix, and rectum. Material in the large intestine is mostly indigestible residue and liquid. 12 13 enter/o: dysentery enteric coated tablet: An oral dosage form in which a tablet is coated with a material to prevent or minimize dissolution in the stomach but allow dissolution in the small intestine. This type of formulation either protects the stomach from a potentially irritating drug (e.g., aspirin) or protects the drug (e.g., erythromycin) from partial degradation in the acidic environment of the stomach. 14 rect/o: rectum rectal administration: such as by suppository, it is inserted into the rectum where it dissolves and is absorbed into blood circulation. hepat/o: liver hepatatrophia: Atrophy of the liver hepatoma: liver cancer 15 bile: bil/i: bilirubin(胆红素): the yellow breakdown product of normal heme(血红素) catabolism. Heme is formed from hemoglobin, a principal component of red blood cells. Bilirubin is excreted in bile, and its levels are elevated in certain diseases. in jaundice(黄疸), which is caused by hyperbilirubinemia, the skin, mucus membrane and whites of the eyes are stained and turn yellow chol/e: cholecalciferol: Vitamin D3,which can promote the absorption of calcium. cholesterol cholestasis 16 melancholy: Temperament theory : The theory that holds that there are four basic temperaments, i.e. melancholic (gloomy), choleric (irritable), sanguine (cheerful), and phlegmatic (apathetic) that are determined by the predominance of one of the four humors, i.e. black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood, respectively, to characterize a person's psychological state. 17 colon/o hepat/o poly- gastr/o hemat/o chol/e esophag/o -ectomy -emesis -stasis -itis -phagia -megaly -scopy 1.direct visual examination of the inner surface of the colon 2.abnormal enlargement of the liver 3.surgical removal of all or part of the stomach 4.inflammation of the esophagus 5.vomiting of blood 6.eating to much (uncontrolled) 7.stoppage of bile flow 18