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Bio1B Ecology Terms and Concepts Spring 2013 (all Lectures 1-13) (see bSpace for .doc file) L1 Physical geography physical geography: physical area. Biogeography: study of biological processes within and area. The past and present geographic distribution of species Ecology: study of house. Where species live ecological systems: relationships within the ecosystem biotic, abiotic: living, dead. Factors in the environment organism: individual population: deme community: multiple different species ecosystem: living organism and their abiotic surroundings landscape: visible features of land Biosphere: earth and life global ecology weather: changes. Foggy, hot, etc. climate: average weather of area macroclimate, microclimate: bay area. Under a log. The botanical gardens is Micro seasonality:subdivision of a year tropics: high precipitation, warm, near equator, constant season Gulf stream: warm W->NE California current: cold water N->S Antarctic circumpolar current climate diagram: topography: elevation rain shadow: mountain. Rains on windward side. The leeward side is the rain shadow L2 Biogeography ecology, Haeckel: coined the term biome, von Humbolt: biomes climograph (climate diagram) convergent evolution: 2 different species evolved in a similar way but were in different linneages ecotone: zone between ecosystems canopy: tropical forest trees disturbance: messes with ecosystem temperate: subtropical, tropical tropical forest desert savanna chaparral temperate grassland northern coniferous forest temperate broadleaf forest tundra littoral zone: shore to deepest part in LAKE intertidal zone: area off of shore in OCEAN 1 Bio1B Ecology Terms and Concepts Spring 2013 (all Lectures 1-13) (see bSpace for .doc file) pelagic zone: open ocea photic, aphotic: light, no light benthic, abyssal: along the continentals shelf, bottom lakes: fresh water, turnover wetlands: constantly wet streams and rivers: moving water estuaries: area btween river and ocean intertidal zones: area right off shore ocean pelagic zone: open ocean coral reefs: low photosynthesis, diversity, small spatial contribution marine benthic zone: along continental shelf gyre: large swirling current hydrothermal vents: fissure in earths surface. Heats water. Life around it. abyssal thermocline: narrow stratum of abrupt temp. change in oceaans and lakes turnover: Winter: Cold top, warm bottom Spring: switches Summer: Warm top cold bottom Fall: Switches plate tectonics (Ch. 25.4): dynamic, moving north continental drift (Ch. 25.4) Wallace (and his line): SE Asia and the surrounding islands biotic exchange: exchange of biomass (food webs) vicariance: change because of geographic disturbance. Originated one place (Nothafagus) dispersal: spread out, seeds L3 Populations in space and time Population: group of individuals Abundance: number of species Density: # per unit of space Dispersion: spreading out Clumped: in small clumps uniform: same distance/ dispersion random: random… sample population size mark-recapture method: portion of the population is captured, marked, and released. Later, another portion is captured and the number of marked individuals within the sample is counted. Since the number of marked individuals within the second sample should be proportional to the number of marked individuals in the whole population, an estimate of the total population size can be obtained by dividing the number of marked individuals by the proportion of marked individuals in the second sample. Territoriality: habitat patches geographic range demography population pyramid: shows age distribution age structure: can determine where a population is (expanding, stationary, contracting) exponential growth (multiplicative): quickly UP (humans) linear growth (arithmetic): food, malthus 2 Bio1B Ecology Terms and Concepts Spring 2013 (all Lectures 1-13) (see bSpace for .doc file) zero population growth (ZPG): reached K…N=K BD model: birth death model B: births D: death Nt+1 = Nt + B – D: pop. Growth at given time ∆N/∆t = B – D: change in a pop. b = per capita birth rate m = per capita death (mortality) rate r = per capita rate of increase r = b – m: rate ∆N/∆t = rN: rate rinst : instant rate rmax: : Maximum rate… K L4 Life histories and limits to growth life cycle: generations of a species during its life life history life table cohort: group of same age individuals fecundity: ability to produce offsrpring, esp. in large numbers reproductive table survivorship survivorship curve: Type 1 humans, Type 2 birds, type 3 frogs life expectancy resources principle of allocation: allocate energy to survival and then to other areas such as reproduction, defense, and growth homeostasis: equilibrium Malthus: pop. Growing exponentially and food growing arthimetically K = carrying capacity logistic growth: s curve ∆N/∆t = rmaxN * (K-N)/K density dependent: food, competition, density independent: weather… when B/D rate doesn’t change because of density equilibrium Allee effect: need a certain # of individuals to start a population. Too small isn’t good life history trade-off: dedicate energy to different areas of life semelparaity: bunny rabbit. R-selected. Lots of children at one time iteroparity: humans, wolves. Many chances to have one or two children 3 Bio1B Ecology Terms and Concepts Spring 2013 (all Lectures 1-13) (see bSpace for .doc file) r-selected: rabbits, frogs K-selected: humans, wolves, bears L5 Managing populations density dependent density independent equilibrium density BIDE Model: N=B+I- D+E I: immigraton E: emmigration Metapopulation: big horn sheep. Population as a whole devoid of space rescue effect: A species arriving on an island may already be represented there and so may have the effect of reducing the chance of the extinction of that species from the island (i.e. of ‘rescuing’ it). The rescue effect will be greater on islands which are closer to the mainland source of species than more remote islands because the immigration rate will be higher. habitat corridor: is a strip of land that aids in the movement of species between disconnected areas of their natural habitat. Applications (among many): conservation biology agriculture honey bee decline, colony collapse disorder (CCD): is a phenomenon in which worker bees from a beehive or European honey bee colony abruptly disappear fisheries disease biology pest management L6 Interspecific interactions: interspecific interactions: between different species interspecific competition: Two different species. Gause and paramecium consumer-resource interactions: core of food chains predation herbivory parasitism pathogens mutualism: + + commensalism: +0 amensalism: - 0 facilitation: + + or +0 symbiosis: mutally beneficial intraspecific effects: same species interspecific effects :diff. species Competition: - r1 = r1max - f(N1) - f(N2) N1 and N2 are different species 4 Bio1B Ecology Terms and Concepts Spring 2013 (all Lectures 1-13) (see bSpace for .doc file) r2 = r2max - f(N2) - f(N1) limiting resource: food, space, etc Gause; paramecium fundamental niche: the total space that a species can occupy (barnacles) The full range of environmental conditions and resources an organism can possibly occupy and use, especially when limiting factors are absent in its habitat. realized niche: where the species actually is. rarity advantage competitive exclusion: 2 species cannot permenentaly occupy same niche (includes, space and resources) resource partitioning: Lizards. Spread out among tree, fence, heights Lotka-Volterra equations: also known as the predator–prey equations, are a pair of firstorder, non-linear, differential equations frequently used to describe the dynamics of biological systems in which two species interact, one a predator and one its prey. L7 Consequences of interactions Fitness: ability to reproduce good offspring character displacement: greater difference in same species in the same area than between the same species that are in different areas. refers to the phenomenon where differences among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated in regions where the species co-occur but are minimized or lost where the species’ distributions do not overlap. Finches invasive species: arrgentinian ant. Takes over an area L8 Ecological communities in space and time species composition habitat structure species “turnover” in space and time community assembly transect edge effect: smaller the area the large percent the edge is. Edges have benefits disturbance ecological succession primary: glacial moraine. Nitrogen fixing trees give way to other trees (spruces) facilitation secondary: landslide. Some species already in the area role of earlier species facilitation inhibition tolerance ecological transition stability climax community non-equilibrium community climate change (next week) 5 Bio1B Ecology Terms and Concepts Spring 2013 (all Lectures 1-13) (see bSpace for .doc file) decomposition forensic biology L9 Food webs trophic interactions: food chain or food web autotrophs (primary producers) heterotrophs primary consumers secondary consumers tertiary consumers trophic levels omnivores decomposers (detritivores) food chain food web trophic structure energetic hypothesis: not enough energy to support a food chain that is too big dynamic stability hypothesis: chance of failure if too big dominant species keystone species ecosystem engineers (foundation species) bottom up vs. top down: predator affects the ecosystem or autotrophs do Bottom up: absence of mineral affects the other levels Top down: too many predator mean too much primary producer which means to little nutrients trophic cascade natural experiments gross primary productivity (GPP): solar energy captured by primary producers net primary productivity (NPP): energy available to consumers trophic (ecological) efficiency biomass pyramid species diversity species richness: diversity relative abundance (evenness): number of each species community function guild (functional group) niche complementarity ecological release propagule pressure: is a composite measure of the number of individuals of a species released into a region to which they are not native. It incorporates estimates of the absolute number of individuals involved in any one release event (propagule size) and the number of discrete release events (propagule number). As the number of releases or the number of individuals released increases, propagule pressure also increases. pathogen zoonotic pathogen vector 6 Bio1B Ecology Terms and Concepts Spring 2013 (all Lectures 1-13) (see bSpace for .doc file) R0, basic reproduction number (for transmitted pathogens) biotic index dichotomous key L10 Biodiversity Science latitudinal diversity gradient: why are there so many species in tropics climate stability hypothesis: more stable climate means they have been there longer energy-productivity hypothesis: more energy means more trophic levels structural complexity hypothesis: tall trees, different zones with structure, more possible communities spatial-area hypotheses: null model…larger space null models: not based on biology alpha diversity (α): diversity in a specific area beta diversity (β): diversity between areas biodiversity hotspot Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography (ETIB), island equilibrium model: extinction is lower is larger space. Colonization affected by distance…coffee MacArthur E.O. Wilson habitat fragmentation edge effects nature reserve buffer zone: zone between natural environment and reserves ecosystem services restoration ecology L11 Ecosystem processes radiation balance albedo NEP (net ecosystem production) greenhouse effect main greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, CO2 methane, CH4 nitrous oxide, N2O water, H2O ozone, O3 limiting nutrient detritus eutrophication dead zones el Niño open system closed system 7 Bio1B Ecology Terms and Concepts Spring 2013 (all Lectures 1-13) (see bSpace for .doc file) compartments reservoir (of elements) biogeochemical cycle pool flux leaching process recycling hydrologic cycle Lab this week (see Biomes, Lecture 2): distribution of Nothofagus convergence of desert plants vernal pool community alpine fellfield community pygmy forest community serpentine community chaparral community redwood forest community L12 Biogeochemical cycles carbon dioxide, CO2 methane, CH4 carbonate, CO32ocean acidification nitrogen gas, N2 ammonium, NH4+ nitrate, NO3nitrous oxide, N2O ammonia, NH3 O3, nitrogen fixation: N2 to NH4+ microbes other microbes: NH4+ to NO3-, NOx denitrification: NO3- to N2 leaf litter anoxia greenhouse effect restoration ecology: assumptions: 1. Env. Damage is irreversible 2. Env. Will not recover on its own physical reconstruction: change in physical environment bioremediation: use of microorganisms to fix biological augmentation: changing. Planting legumes L13 Global change biology 8 Bio1B Ecology Terms and Concepts Spring 2013 (all Lectures 1-13) (see bSpace for .doc file) global change biology state shift tipping point global forcing urban heat island: hotter in center of urban areas some drivers of global change: fragmented landscapes disrupted adjacent areas transformed landscapes (agriculture, urban areas) accumulated impacts (dead zones) changes in atmosphere/ocean chemistry conifers changing (killed by beetles, moving toward Arctic) biodiversity lost glaciers melting 9