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Bio1B Ecology Terms and Concepts Spring 2013 (all Lectures 1-13) (see bSpace for .doc file)
L1 Physical geography
physical geography: physical area.
Biogeography: study of biological processes within and area. The past and present geographic
distribution of species
Ecology: study of house. Where species live
ecological systems: relationships within the ecosystem
biotic, abiotic: living, dead. Factors in the environment
organism: individual
population: deme
community: multiple different species
ecosystem: living organism and their abiotic surroundings
landscape: visible features of land
Biosphere: earth and life
global ecology
weather: changes. Foggy, hot, etc.
climate: average weather of area
macroclimate, microclimate: bay area. Under a log. The botanical gardens is Micro
seasonality:subdivision of a year
tropics: high precipitation, warm, near equator, constant season
Gulf stream: warm W->NE California current: cold water N->S Antarctic circumpolar current
climate diagram:
topography: elevation
rain shadow: mountain. Rains on windward side. The leeward side is the rain shadow
L2 Biogeography
ecology, Haeckel: coined the term
biome, von Humbolt: biomes
climograph (climate diagram)
convergent evolution: 2 different species evolved in a similar way but were in different linneages
ecotone: zone between ecosystems
canopy: tropical forest trees
disturbance: messes with ecosystem
temperate:
subtropical, tropical
tropical forest
desert
savanna
chaparral
temperate grassland
northern coniferous forest
temperate broadleaf forest
tundra
littoral zone: shore to deepest part in LAKE
intertidal zone: area off of shore in OCEAN
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Bio1B Ecology Terms and Concepts Spring 2013 (all Lectures 1-13) (see bSpace for .doc file)
pelagic zone: open ocea
photic, aphotic: light, no light
benthic, abyssal: along the continentals shelf, bottom
lakes: fresh water, turnover
wetlands: constantly wet
streams and rivers: moving water
estuaries: area btween river and ocean
intertidal zones: area right off shore
ocean pelagic zone: open ocean
coral reefs: low photosynthesis, diversity, small spatial contribution
marine benthic zone: along continental shelf
gyre: large swirling current
hydrothermal vents: fissure in earths surface. Heats water. Life around it. abyssal
thermocline: narrow stratum of abrupt temp. change in oceaans and lakes
turnover: Winter: Cold top, warm bottom Spring: switches Summer: Warm top cold bottom Fall:
Switches
plate tectonics (Ch. 25.4): dynamic, moving north
continental drift (Ch. 25.4)
Wallace (and his line): SE Asia and the surrounding islands
biotic exchange: exchange of biomass (food webs)
vicariance: change because of geographic disturbance. Originated one place (Nothafagus)
dispersal: spread out, seeds
L3 Populations in space and time
Population: group of individuals
Abundance: number of species
Density: # per unit of space
Dispersion: spreading out
Clumped: in small clumps uniform: same distance/ dispersion random: random…
sample
population size
mark-recapture method: portion of the population is captured, marked, and released.
Later, another portion is captured and the number of marked individuals within the
sample is counted. Since the number of marked individuals within the second sample
should be proportional to the number of marked individuals in the whole population, an
estimate of the total population size can be obtained by dividing the number of marked
individuals by the proportion of marked individuals in the second sample.
Territoriality:
habitat patches
geographic range
demography
population pyramid: shows age distribution
age structure: can determine where a population is (expanding, stationary, contracting)
exponential growth (multiplicative): quickly UP (humans)
linear growth (arithmetic): food, malthus
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Bio1B Ecology Terms and Concepts Spring 2013 (all Lectures 1-13) (see bSpace for .doc file)
zero population growth (ZPG): reached K…N=K
BD model: birth death model
B: births
D: death
Nt+1 = Nt + B – D: pop. Growth at given time
∆N/∆t = B – D: change in a pop.
b = per capita birth rate
m = per capita death (mortality) rate
r = per capita rate of increase
r = b – m: rate
∆N/∆t = rN: rate
rinst : instant rate
rmax: : Maximum rate… K
L4 Life histories and limits to growth
life cycle: generations of a species during its life
life history
life table
cohort: group of same age individuals
fecundity: ability to produce offsrpring, esp. in large numbers
reproductive table
survivorship
survivorship curve: Type 1 humans, Type 2 birds, type 3 frogs
life expectancy
resources
principle of allocation: allocate energy to survival and then to other areas such as reproduction,
defense, and growth
homeostasis: equilibrium
Malthus: pop. Growing exponentially and food growing arthimetically
K = carrying capacity
logistic growth: s curve
∆N/∆t = rmaxN * (K-N)/K
density dependent: food, competition,
density independent: weather… when B/D rate doesn’t change because of density
equilibrium
Allee effect: need a certain # of individuals to start a population. Too small isn’t good
life history trade-off: dedicate energy to different areas of life
semelparaity: bunny rabbit. R-selected. Lots of children at one time
iteroparity: humans, wolves. Many chances to have one or two children
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Bio1B Ecology Terms and Concepts Spring 2013 (all Lectures 1-13) (see bSpace for .doc file)
r-selected: rabbits, frogs
K-selected: humans, wolves, bears
L5 Managing populations
density dependent
density independent
equilibrium density
BIDE Model: N=B+I- D+E
I: immigraton
E: emmigration
Metapopulation: big horn sheep. Population as a whole devoid of space
rescue effect: A species arriving on an island may already be represented there and so
may have the effect of reducing the chance of the extinction of that species from the
island (i.e. of ‘rescuing’ it). The rescue effect will be greater on islands which are closer
to the mainland source of species than more remote islands because the immigration
rate will be higher.
habitat corridor: is a strip of land that aids in the movement of species between
disconnected areas of their natural habitat.
Applications (among many):
conservation biology
agriculture
honey bee decline, colony collapse disorder (CCD): is a phenomenon in which worker bees
from a beehive or European honey bee colony abruptly disappear
fisheries
disease biology
pest management
L6 Interspecific interactions:
interspecific interactions: between different species
interspecific competition: Two different species. Gause and paramecium
consumer-resource interactions: core of food chains
predation
herbivory
parasitism
pathogens
mutualism: + +
commensalism: +0
amensalism: - 0
facilitation: + + or +0
symbiosis: mutally beneficial
intraspecific effects: same species
interspecific effects :diff. species
Competition: - r1 = r1max - f(N1) - f(N2) N1 and N2 are different species
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Bio1B Ecology Terms and Concepts Spring 2013 (all Lectures 1-13) (see bSpace for .doc file)
r2 = r2max - f(N2) - f(N1)
limiting resource: food, space, etc
Gause; paramecium
fundamental niche: the total space that a species can occupy (barnacles) The full range of
environmental conditions and resources an organism can possibly occupy and use,
especially when limiting factors are absent in its habitat.
realized niche: where the species actually is.
rarity advantage
competitive exclusion: 2 species cannot permenentaly occupy same niche (includes, space and
resources)
resource partitioning: Lizards. Spread out among tree, fence, heights
Lotka-Volterra equations: also known as the predator–prey equations, are a pair of firstorder, non-linear, differential equations frequently used to describe the dynamics of
biological systems in which two species interact, one a predator and one its prey.
L7 Consequences of interactions
Fitness: ability to reproduce good offspring
character displacement: greater difference in same species in the same area than between the
same species that are in different areas. refers to the phenomenon where differences
among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated in
regions where the species co-occur but are minimized or lost where the species’
distributions do not overlap. Finches
invasive species: arrgentinian ant. Takes over an area
L8 Ecological communities in space and time
species composition
habitat structure
species “turnover” in space and time
community assembly
transect
edge effect: smaller the area the large percent the edge is. Edges have benefits
disturbance
ecological succession
primary: glacial moraine. Nitrogen fixing trees give way to other trees (spruces) facilitation
secondary: landslide. Some species already in the area
role of earlier species
facilitation
inhibition
tolerance
ecological transition
stability
climax community
non-equilibrium community
climate change (next week)
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Bio1B Ecology Terms and Concepts Spring 2013 (all Lectures 1-13) (see bSpace for .doc file)
decomposition
forensic biology
L9 Food webs
trophic interactions: food chain or food web
autotrophs (primary producers)
heterotrophs
primary consumers
secondary consumers
tertiary consumers
trophic levels
omnivores
decomposers (detritivores)
food chain
food web
trophic structure
energetic hypothesis: not enough energy to support a food chain that is too big
dynamic stability hypothesis: chance of failure if too big
dominant species
keystone species
ecosystem engineers (foundation species)
bottom up vs. top down: predator affects the ecosystem or autotrophs do
Bottom up: absence of mineral affects the other levels
Top down: too many predator mean too much primary producer which means to little nutrients
trophic cascade
natural experiments
gross primary productivity (GPP): solar energy captured by primary producers
net primary productivity (NPP): energy available to consumers
trophic (ecological) efficiency
biomass pyramid
species diversity
species richness: diversity
relative abundance (evenness): number of each species
community function
guild (functional group)
niche complementarity
ecological release
propagule pressure: is a composite measure of the number of individuals of a species
released into a region to which they are not native. It incorporates estimates of the
absolute number of individuals involved in any one release event (propagule size) and
the number of discrete release events (propagule number). As the number of releases
or the number of individuals released increases, propagule pressure also increases.
pathogen
zoonotic pathogen
vector
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Bio1B Ecology Terms and Concepts Spring 2013 (all Lectures 1-13) (see bSpace for .doc file)
R0, basic reproduction number (for transmitted pathogens)
biotic index
dichotomous key
L10 Biodiversity Science
latitudinal diversity gradient: why are there so many species in tropics
climate stability hypothesis: more stable climate means they have been there longer
energy-productivity hypothesis: more energy means more trophic levels
structural complexity hypothesis: tall trees, different zones with structure, more possible
communities
spatial-area hypotheses: null model…larger space
null models: not based on biology
alpha diversity (α): diversity in a specific area
beta diversity (β): diversity between areas
biodiversity hotspot
Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography (ETIB), island equilibrium model: extinction is
lower is larger space. Colonization affected by distance…coffee
MacArthur
E.O. Wilson
habitat fragmentation
edge effects
nature reserve
buffer zone: zone between natural environment and reserves
ecosystem services
restoration ecology
L11 Ecosystem processes
radiation balance
albedo
NEP (net ecosystem production)
greenhouse effect
main greenhouse gases:
carbon dioxide, CO2
methane, CH4
nitrous oxide, N2O
water, H2O
ozone, O3
limiting nutrient
detritus
eutrophication
dead zones
el Niño
open system
closed system
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Bio1B Ecology Terms and Concepts Spring 2013 (all Lectures 1-13) (see bSpace for .doc file)
compartments
reservoir (of elements)
biogeochemical cycle
pool
flux
leaching process
recycling
hydrologic cycle
Lab this week (see Biomes, Lecture 2):
distribution of Nothofagus
convergence of desert plants
vernal pool community
alpine fellfield community
pygmy forest community
serpentine community
chaparral community
redwood forest community
L12 Biogeochemical cycles
carbon dioxide, CO2
methane, CH4
carbonate, CO32ocean acidification
nitrogen gas, N2
ammonium, NH4+
nitrate, NO3nitrous oxide, N2O
ammonia, NH3
O3,
nitrogen fixation: N2 to NH4+ microbes
other microbes: NH4+ to NO3-, NOx
denitrification: NO3- to N2
leaf litter
anoxia
greenhouse effect
restoration ecology: assumptions: 1. Env. Damage is irreversible 2. Env. Will not recover on its
own
physical reconstruction: change in physical environment
bioremediation: use of microorganisms to fix
biological augmentation: changing. Planting legumes
L13 Global change biology
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Bio1B Ecology Terms and Concepts Spring 2013 (all Lectures 1-13) (see bSpace for .doc file)
global change biology
state shift
tipping point
global forcing
urban heat island: hotter in center of urban areas
some drivers of global change:
fragmented landscapes
disrupted adjacent areas
transformed landscapes (agriculture, urban areas)
accumulated impacts (dead zones)
changes in atmosphere/ocean chemistry
conifers changing (killed by beetles, moving toward Arctic)
biodiversity lost
glaciers melting
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