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By Sadie and Imogen Rocks, minerals and soil Minerals are naturally occurring substances formed by geological processes. They are usually solid and feature a crystal structure as well as specific physical properties and chemical composition. Physical properties of minerals include crystal structure, hardness (Mohs scale), (how it reflects light) and color, as well as more complicated properties such as streak, fracture, cleavage and density. Igneous rock is formed when magma cools and solidifies, it may do this above or below the Earth's surface. Magma can be forced into rocks, blown out in volcanic explosions or forced to the surface as lava. The basic idea behind plate tectonics is that there are eight major plates on the surface of the Earth. There are also bunches of minor plates. The plates are like the skin of the planet. They constantly move around the planet. When we say constantly moving, we're talking centimeters each year. You couldn't sit down and watch it happen. Or can you? You could watch it happen if you watched an earthquake. •Rocks and stones are naturally occurring solids made up of minerals. •The Earth's crust is made up of rock. •Rocks have been used by humans for millions of years, from early tools and weapons through to various construction materials. Soil is like a cake made from lots of different things. Soil consists of crumbling rock or sanhe so like a cake made from lots of different things. Soil consists of crumbling rock or sand, clay, dead plant and soil is the loose upper layer of the Earth's surface where plants grow. Soil consists of a mix of organic material (decayed plants and animals) and broken bits of rocks and minerals. animal remains, fungi and even manure. It also contains lots of tiny creatures, such as earthworms. Earthworms turn the plant and animal material into nutrients. They also dig through the soil, which lightens and loosens it so plants grow better., which lightens and loosens it so plants grow better. Jan-garnet Feb-amethyst March –aquamarine April-diamond May-emerald June-pearl July-ruby August-peridot Sep-sapphire Oct-pink tourm. Nov-topaz Dec-blue topaz Metamorphic rocks have been changed over time by extreme pressure and heat. Metamorphic rocks can be formed by pressure deep under the Earth's surface, from the extreme heat caused by magma or by the intense collisions and friction of tectonic plates. Uplift and erosion help bring metamorphic rock to the Earth's surface. Sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment that is deposited over time, usually as layers at the bottom of lakes and oceans. This sediment can include minerals, small pieces of plants and other organic matter. The sediment is compressed over a long period of time before consolidating into solid layers of rock. Gold is shiny, soft and dense. It is also malleable, which means it can easily be beaten into thin sheets or other shapes.