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Organic Chemistry
• All living things are mostly composed of 4
elements: H, O, N, C “honk”
• Compounds are broken down into 2 general
categories:
• Inorganic Compounds:
• Do not contain carbon
• Organic compounds
• Contain significant amounts of carbon.
• Often found with common "functional groups"
Carbohydrates
• Includes: Sugars, starches, cellulose &
glycogen
• Made of Carbon ( C ), Hydrogen ( H ),
and Oxygen (O )
• Following ratio of elements CnH2nOn
• Sugars: Provide immediate energy for
cells
• Simple sugars include Glucose &
Fructose since these are made of only
1 Carbohydrate molecule they are
known as Monosaccharides
Glucose: A Monosaccharide
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
• Starches are many monosaccharides linked
together in a single chain. These are called
Polysaccharides.
• Plants use Starch for energy storage e.g.
Potatoes
Starch
• Cellulose is made of long polysaccharide chains
• Plants use this for structure (e.g. Wood) - not very digestible
• Due to the reverse orientation of the monosaccharide subunits,
digestive enzymes cannot hydrolyze the bonds between them
Carbohydrates
Glycogen
• Glycogen is a moderately branched polysaccharide
• Animals use this for short-term energy storage.
• Mostly stored in the human liver until converted to
fat
Glycogen
Lipids
• Lipids are
macromolecules
including Fats, Waxes
and Oils.
• Primary function is
energy storage.
• Energy is stored in CH bonds.
• More efficient in
storing energy
• Lipids are made of 2
parts
• Glycerol - an alcohol Serves as backbone
of the molecule
• 3 Fatty acids - Long
hydrocarbon chains
Lipids
Types of fats
• Saturated fats have long chains with no double-bonds
• Unsaturated fats have double bonds
• Polyunsaturated fats have many double bonds
• Each time a double bond is encountered, the molecule "Bends"
slightly, resulting in a lower density of the lipid. This makes the
molecule more likely to remain liquid at room or body
temperatures. And thus, less likely to clog cardiac arteries.
Proteins
• Proteins are made of Amino Acids
• There are 20 different amino acids. Each having a similar
general structure - Differ only in their “R” groups
Proteins
Peptide Bonds
• Amino acids form proteins via dehydration
synthesis forming peptide bonds
• Two amino acids linked together are called
dipeptides
• More than 2 linked together are called polypeptides
- polypeptides can be thousands of amino acids long
Nucleic Acids
• Two types of Nucleic acids
• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic
Acid)
• RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
• DNA is Formed of in a
"Double Helix" - like a
spiral staircase.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
• DNA is formed from
Nucleotides
• These are made of 3
components
• A 5-Carbon Sugar
• A Nitrogenous base
• A Phosphate group
• Nucleotides form a backbone
through linkages from the OH
group of the 3rd carbon to a
phosphate group of the
adjoining nucleotide. These are
called Phosphodiester bonds
Nucleic Acids
Types of Nucleotides
• For DNA There are 4 different Nucleotides
categorized as either Purines (double ring) or
Pyramidines (single ringed). These are usually
represented by a letter. These Are:
• Adenine (A)
• Cytosine (C)
• Guanine (G)
• Thymine (T)
Nucleic Acids
Summary of DNA Structure