Download Department of Pharmacology

Department of Pharmacology
Poznan University of Medical Sciences
Guidance and syllabus for the course of pharmacology
4-year Doctor of Medicine Programme
Poznań 2016/17
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Course coordinator:
 dr hab. Przemysław Mikołajczak, prof. UM
 is available most Tuesday’s between 11.30-12.30
 an appointment should be made by e-mail ([email protected])
Schedule coordinator and students affairs:
 dr hab. Marzena Dworacka, prof. UM
 is available most Thursday’s between 12.00-13.30
 an appointment should be made by e-mail
 e-mail address: [email protected]
Pharmacology Department website: farmakologia.ump.edu.pl
Recommended textbook
Katzung BG. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 13th edition. 2015.
Supplementary textbooks
Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology. Harvey RA, Howland RD, Mycek MJ,
Champe P., 5th edition, 2015
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DETAILED SYLLABUS OF PHARMACOLOGY
The required scope of information that students should learn with regard to each drug and
drug category/class includes: classification; mechanism of action; therapeutic indications;
adverse effects; contra-indications. Each topic related to clinical pharmacology issues shall be
supplemented with case study analyses.
Topic
Description and details
Prescription
writing,
component parts of the
prescription, drug names,
abbreviations,
incompatibilities.
Drugs
formulations,
routes
of
administration
The prescription, drug names and generic substitution,
equivalence: chemical, pharmaceutical, biologic and
therapeutic. Component parts of the prescription. Dosage
calculation. Drug formulations (oral and parenteral drug
formulations). Routes of drug administration (oral and
parenteral routes of drug administration and the choice of
most optimal route of drug administration)
Pharmacodynamics
Macromolecular nature of drug receptors. Relations between
drug concentration and response. Signalling mechanisms and
drug actions. Relation between drug dose and clinical
response.
Pharmacokinetics
Passage of drugs across membranes, absorption, distribution,
excretion, pharmacokinetic parameters (rate of absorption,
bioavailability, volume of distribution, rate of elimination,
clearance, half-life), absorption and elimination occurring
simultaneously, multicompartment distribution. Role of
biotransformation in drug disposition, first pass effect,
microsomal mixed function oxidase system- phase I
reactions, phase II reaction, factors affecting drug
metabolism, principles of therapeutic drug monitoring
Pharmacogenetics
and Pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics - pharmacogenetics
general mechanisms of drug of drug metabolism. General mechanisms of drug interaction
interactions
(classification of drug interactions, mechanisms of drug
interactions, factors influencing drug interactions, drug
interaction used in pharmacotherapeutics)
Autonomic
adrenergic For repetition: functional characteristics of autonomic
agonists, antagonists
nervous system, neurotransmitters, signal transduction and
second messengers.
Spectrum of action of sympathomimetic drugs. Mode of
action of sympathomimetic drugs. Basic pharmacology of
sympathomimetic drugs (identification of adrenoreceptors,
receptor
selectivity,
molecular
mechanism
of
sympathomimetic action, adrenoreceptor polymorphisms,
pharmacokinetics, organ system effects, therapeutic uses,
toxicity – catecholamines, phenylephrine, ephedrine,
midodrine, methoxamine, xylomethazoline, amphetamine,
methylphenidate,
modafinil,
phenylpropanolamine,
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dexmedetomidine, apraclonidine, dobutamine, isoproterenol,
terbutaline)
Basic pharmacology of the alpha-receptor antagonist drugs
(mechanism of action, pharmacologic effects, clinical
applications
–
tolazoline,
ergot
derivatives,
phenoxybenzamine,
prazosin,
terazosin,
doxazosin,
tamsulosin, indoramin, urapidil). Basic pharmacology of the
beta-receptor
antagonist
drugs
(pharmacokinetics,
pharmacodynamics, clinical pharmacology, toxicity –
propranolol, metoprolol, atenolol, nadolol, timolol,
betaxolol, pindolol, carvedilol, esmolol, sotalol).
Autonomic
cholinergic Spectrum of action of cholinomimetic drugs. Mode of action
agonists, antagonists
of cholinomimetic drugs. Basic pharmacology of the directacting cholinoreceptor stimulants (pharmacokinetics,
mechanism of action, organ system effects – acetylcholine,
betanechol, carbachol, cevimeline, pilocarpine). Basic
pharmacology of the indirect-acting cholinomimetics
(pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, organ system
effects – cholinesterase inhibitors). Therapeutic uses and
toxicity of cholinomimetics. Cholinesterase regenerators.
Basic pharmacology of the muscarinic receptor-blocking
drugs (pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, organ system
effects,
therapeutic
applications,
adverse
effects,
contraindications – atropine, clidinium, cyclopentolate,
dicyclomine, darifenacin, solifenacin, trospium flavoxate,
glycopyrrolate, homatropine, l-hyoscyamine, ipratropium,
methanteline, oxybutynin, scopolamine, tropicamide).
Principles of chemotherapy.
For repetition: classification of microbes.
General principles and limitations of chemotherapy in outpatient and hospital practice. The basic terms: antibiotics,
bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect, synergism, antagonism,
additive result, the empiric and definitive therapy, MIC,
MIB, SBT, resistance to antibiotics. Postantibiotic effect.
The principles of antimicrobial agents selection. The
antimicrobial prophylaxis. Superinfections. Therapy with
combination of drugs. General classification of antimicrobial
agents.
Antiviral agents
Drugs used in treatment of herpes viruses (idoxouridine,
vidarabine, trifluridine, acyclovir, gancyclovir, famciclovir,
foscarnet); Anti-HIV drugs (nucleoside antiretroviral agents,
nonnucleoside antiretroviral agents, protease inhibitors).
Interferons. Drugs used in the treatment of influenza
(amantadine,
neuraminidase
inhibitors,
ribavirin).
Mechanisms of action, main adverse effects.
-Lactam antibiotics.
Penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams.
Mechanism of action, classification, spectrum of
antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics, examples of
preparations, side effects, therapeutic use. Case studies.
Non--lactam antibiotics I.
Macrolides,
ketolides,
tetracyclines,
glycylcyclines,
lincosamides,
chloramphenicol,
streptogramines,
oxazolidinones, Mechanisms of action, classification,
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spectrum of antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics,
examples of preparations, side effects, therapeutic use. Case
studies.
Non--lactam antibiotics II.
Aminoglycosides, polymyxines, glycopeptides. Mechanisms
of action, classification, spectrum of antimicrobial activity,
pharmacokinetics, examples of preparations, side effects,
therapeutic use. Case studies.
Antifungal agents.
Quinolones,
sulfonamides,
antiseptics.
Antiparasites
antihelmintes
Antifungal agents. Introduction: classification of fungal
infections. Classification of antifungal agents. Mechanisms
of action, spectrum of antifungal activity, pharmacokinetics,
examples of preparations, side effects, therapeutic use. Case
studies.
imidazoles, Mechanisms of action, classification, spectrum of
urinary antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics, examples of
preparations, side effects.
and Drugs used in the treatment of Amebiasis, Giardiasis,
Trypanosomiasis,
Leishmaniasis,
Trichomoniasis,
Toxoplasmosis, Malaria (treatment and prophylaxis)
Mechanism of action, classification, spectrum of
antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics, side effects. Drugs
used in the treatment of helminthic infection – Ascariasis,
Taeniasis, Trichinellosis, Hookworm, Flukes and Pinworm
infection, Cutaneous larva migrans. Mechanisms of action,
main adverse effects. Case studies. Drugs used in the
treatment of Leprosy. Mechanisms of action, main adverse
effects.
Drugs affecting
homeostasis.
Vitamins
Agents used
anaesthesia
calcium Introduction: hormonal regulators of calcium homeostasis;
the therapeutic use of hormones affecting calcium
homeostasis (teriparattide, vitamin D, calcitonin, estrogens,
SERMs); non-hormonal agents affecting calcium
homeostasis: bisphosphonates, denosumab, strontium,
fluorides, cinacalcet, thiazides, loop diuretics. Mechanisms
of action, main therapeutic use and adverse effects.
Pharmacotherapy of: hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, and
osteoporosis.
Introduction: classification of vitamins (water and fat soluble
vitamins). Water soluble vitamins: group of vitamin B,
niacin, vitamin C, fat soluble vitamins: vitamin A, D, E, K.
Physiological function, therapeutic use, toxicity.
in general Introduction: principles of general anaesthesia (theories of
anaesthetic action, behavioural manifestation of anaesthesia,
uptake and distribution of inhalation anaesthetics,
elimination and metabolism of anaesthetic gases, chemical
properties of inhalation anaesthetics, pharmacological effects
of inhalation anaesthetics). Inhalation agents (nitrous oxide,
halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane, αadrenergic agonists). Intravenous agents (barbiturates,
propofol, ketamine, etomidate, benzodiazepines, opioids).
Anaesthetic properties, adverse effects. Anaesthetic
adjuvants and premedication. Anticholinesterases used in
anaesthesia. Antagonists for central and respiratory
depression. Neuromuscular blocking drugs (nondepolarizing
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drugs, depolarizing drugs).
Local anaesthetics
Opioid
analgesics
antagonists
Local anaesthetics. Mechanism of action. Pharmacologic
effects. Pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, techniques of
anaesthesia, uses in dentistry, drug selection for parenteral
administration (procaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine,
articaine, bupivacaine), agents limited to surface application
(benzocaine, tetracaine, dyclonine, chlorobutanol, cocaine,
lidocaine/prilocaine).
and Classification of opioids (agonists, mixed agonistsantagonists, antagonists). Mechanism of action. Acute and
chronic effects, central and peripheral. Spectrum of clinical
uses of opioids on the basis of their pharmacological
properties: as analgesics, antitussives, antidiarrheal drugs.
Toxicity and side effects of opioids. Pharmacological
properties and clinical use of specific agents: strong agonists
(morphine, methadone, meperidine, fentanyl and its
subgroup), weak to moderate agonists (codeine, tramadol),
mixed agonists-antagonists (buprenorphine, pentazocine),
antagonists (naloxone, naltrexone).
NSAIDs. Drugs used in gout.
Skeletal muscle relaxants.
Miscellaneous agents for
rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs
used to treat gout
Drugs affecting coagulation.
Sedative-hypnotics.
Classification of NSAIDs based on their chemistry and
mechanism of action (nonselective inhibitors of COX,
preferential and selective inhibitors of COX2).
Pharmacological properties, side effects and clinical use of
aspirin, acetaminophen and other NSAIDs. Drugs used in
acute attack of gouty arthritis (colchicine, NSAIDs,
glucocorticoids). Drugs used in chronic therapy of
hyperuricemia: uricosurics (probenecid, sulphinpyrazone)
and inhibitors of uric acid synthesis (allopurinol, febuxostat)
- mechanism of action, clinical use, side effects and
contraindications.
Spasmolytic agents acting on skeletal muscles – diazepam,
baclofen, tizanidine, gabapentine, idrocilamide, riluzole,
dantrolene. Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
(DMARDs): methotrexate, cytotoxic agents, antimalarials,
gold salts, D-penicilamine, sulfasalazine, anti-TNF drugs,
inhibitors of Interleukin–1 and Interleukin-6, leflunomide mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, side effects.
The use of NSAIDs and glucocorticoids in the treatment of
RA.
Repetition: mechanisms of blood coagulation and
fibrinolysis.
Basic pharmacology and clinical use of anticoagulant drugs:
heparins (HMWH and LMWH), direct thrombin inhibitors,
factor X inhibitors, oral anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents
(aspirin, thienopyridine derivatives and reversible ADP
receptor antagonists, blockers of platelet GP IIb/IIIa
receptors), fibrinolytic drugs (streptokinase, urokinase,
alteplase and other 2nd generation drugs). Hemostatic
agents: local measures (clotting factors - thrombin, fibrin
glue, astringents and styptics), systemic measures (clotting
factors: factor VIII and factor IX), vitamin K, fibrinolytic
inhibitors (aminocaproic acid).
Benzodiazepines and barbiturates. Mechanism of action,
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Antianxiety drugs.
classification,
spectrum
of
antianxiety
activity,
pharmacokinetics, examples of preparations, side effects.
Benzodiazepine antagonists: Flumazenil. Newer drugs for
anxiety and sleep disorders: Buspirone, Zolpidem, Zaleplon.
Mechanism of action, spectrum of antianxiety activity,
pharmacokinetics, side effects. Other antianxiety drugs
(Antidepressants,
Antipsychotics,
Anticonvulsants,
Antihistamines, Beta-blokers). Mechanism of action,
spectrum of antianxiety activity, examples of preparations,
pharmacokinetics, side effects. Case studies
Antipsychotic drugs.
Basic pharmacology of antipsychotics (neuroleptics:
phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones; atypical
antipsychotics:
dibenzodiazepines
dihydroindolones,
benzoisoxazoles, other drugs) - pharmacological effects,
extrapyramidal effects, seizure threshold, other central
nervous system actions, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects,
general therapeutic uses.
Antidepressant drugs
Basic
pharmacology
of
antidepressants
(tricyclic
antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,
MAO
inhibitors,
secondand
third-generation
antidepressants) – mechanisms of action, pharmacologic
effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects. Lithium salts,
other normothymic agents- mechanisms of action,
pharmacologic effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects.
General therapeutic uses.
Antiparkinson drugs
Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. Drugs used in
parkinsonism (pharmacokinetics, clinical use, adverse
effects, contraindications): levodopa, carbidopa, dopamine
agonists (bromocriptine,, pramipexole, ropinirole), MAO
inhibitors (selegiline, COMT inhibitors (entacapone,
tolcapone), amantadine, muscarinic antagonists (benztropine,
biperiden, orphenadine, procyclidine,). Strategies therapy of
parkinsonism. Neuroprotective therapy. Drug-induced
parkinsonism. Drugs used in other movement disorders
(tremor, Huntington’s disease, other forms of chorea,
balismus, athetosis&dystonia, tics, drug-induced dyskinesis,
Wilson’s disease - penicillamine).
Basic mechanism of action of antiseizure agents.
Anticonvulsant
drugs
(phenytoin,
carbamazepine,
phenobarbital,
lamotrigine,
gabapentin,
tiagabine,
topiramate,
zonisamide
ethosuximide,
valproate,
benzodiazepines). Most common adverse effects. Drugs used
in partial seizures and in generalized seizures. Drugs for
status epilepticus treatment.
smooth Biological function of angiotensin, kinins, endothelins, nitric
oxide.
Drugs acting on smooth muscles-pharmacokinetics,
mechanism of action, organ system effects, clinical uses,
toxicity - the ergot alkaloids, nitrates and nitrites,
hydralazine, minoxidil, diazoxide, nitroprusside sodium,
papaverine, drotaverine, calcium-channel antagonists, ACE
inhibitors.
Antiepileptics
Drugs acting
muscle.
on
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Antineoplastic drugs
Immunopharmacology
Principles of cancer chemotherapy. Combination therapy.
Chemotherapeutic agents – mechanisms of action, adverse
effects: (alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, vinca
alkaloids, hormonal agents, enzymes, platinum complexes,
podophyllotoxins, camptothecins, taxoids, others. Retinoids,
arsenic trioxide, biologic response modifiers (interferons,
aldesleukin, oprelvekin), thyrosine kinase inhibitors, protease
inhibitors, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, monoclonal
antibodies
(rituximab,
trastuzumab,
gemtuzumab
ozogamicin, ibritumomab, tositumomab, alemtuzumab,
bevacizumab).
Components of the immune system. Immunotherapeutic
agents
(immunophilin
ligands,
glucorticosteroids,
thalidomide, cytotoxic drugs, cytokines, interferones,
antibody preparations, immunostimulants). Mechanisms of
action, main adverse effects.
Antianemic
hematopoietic
drugs.
and Introduction: classification of anemias. Drugs used in the
stimulating therapy of deficiency anemias: iron, vitamin B12, folic acid.
Principal elements of their pharmacokinetics, therapeutic
use, main adverse effects, examples of preparations, case
studies.
Hematopoietic growth factors: erythropoietin, myeloid
growth factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF, pegfilgrastim),
megakaryocyte growth factors (IL-11, thrombopoietin).
Mechanisms of action, therapeutic use, main adverse effects.
Antihyperlipidemic drugs
Inhibitors of HMGCoA reductase, fibric acid derivatives,
bile acid-binding resins, inhibitors of intestinal sterol
absorption - mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical
uses, adverse reactions. Treatment with drug combinations.
Drugs used in therapy of Introduction: definition, patophysiology and classification of
myocardial insufficiency.
heart failure (HF). Positive inotropic drugs used in HF:
cardiac
glycosides,
beta-adrenoreceptors
stimulants
(dopamine,
dobutamine),
bipyridines
(milrinone),
levosimendan. Pharmacokinetic, mechanism of action,
interaction with potassium, calcium, magnesium and other
drugs (cardiac glycosides), therapeutic use, main adverse
effects and toxicity (cardiac glycosides). Drugs without
positive inotropic effects used in HF: diuretics, aldosterone
antagonists, ACE-Is, ARBs, beta-blockers, ivabradine,
vasodilators (nitrates, hydralazine, nesiritide); their principal
pharmacodynamics activity effective in the therapy of HF,
main adverse effects
Management of acute and chronic HF
Antianginal drugs.
Pathophysiology of angina, risk factors. Basic pharmacology
of drugs used to treat angina: nitrates (pharmacological
effects, pharmacokinetics, clinical use, routes of
administration, adverse effects, tolerance); angiotensin
converting enzyme inhibitors; calcium channel blockers;
mechanisms of action and pharmacological activity
responsible for their use in therapy of angina, clinical use,
adverse effects.
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Antiarrhythmic drugs.
Introduction: electrophysiology of normal cardiac rhythm,
mechanisms of arrhythmias. Sodium channel-blocking drugs
(class 1): quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide – subgroup
1A, lidocaine, mexiletine – subgroup 1B, flecainide,
propafenone, moricizine – subgroup 1C. Betaadrenoreceptor-blocking drugs (class 2). Drugs that prolong
effective refractory period by prolonging action potential
(class 3) – amiodarone, sotalol, dofetilide, ibutilide. Calcium
channel-blocking drugs (class 4) – verapamil, diltiazem,
bepridil. Adenosine. Digoxin. Magnesium and potassium
salts. Links between electrophysiology of the heart and
mechanisms of antiarrhythmics action, cardiac and
extracardiac effects, adverse effects.
Diuretics.
Background: general mechanisms of renal epithelial
transport. Loop diuretics; thiazides and thiazide-like drugs;
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors; osmotic diuretics; K+-sparing
agents. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical
indications, adverse effects. Antidiuretic hormone
antagonists. Case study
Introduction: definition of arterial hypertension and its
classification. Diuretics used as antihypertensive agents,
adrenolytic agents; diuretics; angiotensin converting enzyme
inhibitors; calcium channel blockers; angiotensin receptor
antagonists; centrally acting antihypertensive agents;
vasodilators, ganglionic blockers. Mechanisms of action and
pharmacological activity responsible for their use in therapy
of hypertension, adverse effects. Case study.
Antihypertensive drugs.
Hypothalamic and pituitary Hypothalamic
releasing
and
inhibiting
hormones
gland hormones.
(pharmacokinetics, clinical pharmacology, toxicity - GHRH,
GHRPS, somatostatin, octreotide, pegvisomant, TRH, CRH,
GNRH, gonadorelines, cetrorelix); pituitary hormones
(pharmacokinetics, clinical pharmacology, toxicity –
somatotropin,
thyrotropin, corticotrophin,
FSH, LH,
prolactin, dopamine agonists, oxytocin, vasopressin).
Thyroid and antithyroid Thyroid physiology. Thyroid hormones (pharmacokinetics,
drugs.
mechanism of action, effects - levothyroxin, liothyronine,
liotrix).
Antithyroid
drugs
(pharmacokinetics,
pharmacodynamics, toxicity, clinical use – thioamides, anion
inhibitors, iodides, iodinated contrast media, radioactive
iodine, adrenoreceptor-blocking agents). Management of
hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, non-toxic goiter, thyroid
neoplasma.
Adrenocortical hormones.
Glucocorticoids (naturally occurring and synthetic):
pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics (mechanism of action,
physiologic effects, metabolic effects, catabolic and
antianabolic
effects,
anti-inflammatory
and
immunosuppressive effects, other effects). Synthetic
corticosteroids (pharmacokinetics, diagnosis and treatment of
disturbed adrenal function - adrenocortical insufficiency,
adreonocortical hypo- and
hyperfunction, use of
glucocorticoids
for
diagnostic
purposes,
toxicity,
contraindications, selection of drug & dosage schedule).
Mineralocorticoids
–
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aldosterone,
deoxycorticosterone,
fludrocortisone (mechanism of action, physiologic effects,
metabolism, pharmacologic effects. Antagonists of
adrenocortical agents – synthesis inhibitors & glucocorticoid
antagonists (metyrapone, aminoglutethimide, ketoconazole,
mifepristone, mitotane, trilostane). Mineralocorticoid
antagonists (spironolactone, eplerenone).
Estrogens, progestins and The gonadal hormones and inhibitors. The ovary (estrogens,
antiestrogens. Androgens and progestins, other ovarian hormones, oral contraceptives;
antiandrogens.
inhibitors and antagonists; ovulation- inducing agents).
Pharmacokinetics, clinical pharmacology, toxicity. The testis
(androgens and anabolic steroids, antiandrogens, chemical
contraception in men). Pharmacokinetics, clinical
pharmacology, toxicity.
Insulin and oral antidiabetic Introduction: diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia –
drugs.
definition and classification. Insulin – biological properties,
principal types and duration of action of insulin preparations,
species of insulin, insulin delivery systems, adverse effects.
Conventional and intensive insulin treatment. Antidiabetic
agents: sulfonureas, glucosidase inhibitors, meglitinides,
phenylalanine derivatives, biguanides, thiazolidinediones,
incretin analogs, phlozines. Mechanisms of action,
pharmacological effects, adverse effects, therapeutic uses.
Principles of therapy of patients with diabetes type 2.
Glucagon – biological properties and therapeutic use.
Respiratory pharmacology I
Drugs used to treat asthma (sympathomimetic agents,
(Treatment of asthma and methylxanthine drugs, antimuscarinic agents, corticosteroids,
chronic bronchitis)
cromolyn and nedocromil, leucotriene pathway inhibitors,
antiIgE monoclonal antibodies). Agents used to support or
stimulate respiration
(oxygen, doxapram). Steps and
principles of management of chronic and acute bronchial
asthma. Cases.
Respiratory pharmacology II Tuberculostatics
(isoniazide,
rifampin,
ethambutol,
(Treatment of tuberculosis,
pyrazynamide, streptomycin, ethionamide, capreomycin,
mucokinetic and antitussive
cycloserine, PAS, kanamycin & amikacin, ciprofloxacin &
agents)
levofloxacin, rifabutin, rifapentine – pharmacokinetics,
clinical uses, adverse reactions).
Drugs used to improve ventilation (antitussives, opioid
analgesics,
benzonatate,
dextrometorphan,
nasal
decongestants, intranasal steroids, expectorants, mucolytics).
Mechanisms of action, main therapeutic uses and adverse
effects.
Drugs used in peptic ulcer Introduction: physiology of acid secretion, pathophysiology
disease.
of peptic ulcer disease. Antacids, drugs affecting HCl
secretion (H2-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors,
prostaglandin analogs), mucosal protective agents
(sucralfate, colloidal bismuth compounds, prostaglandin
analogs). Mechanisms of action, main therapeutic uses and
adverse effects. Case studies.
Therapy of H. pylori related ulcers.
Other
drugs
used
in Drugs stimulating gastrointestinal motility (cholinomimetic
agents, metoclopramide, domperidone, cisapride); laxatives
10
gastrointestinal disorders.
(bulk-forming agents, softeners, stimulant and osmotic
laxatives); antidiarrheal agents (opioid agonists, colloidal
bismuth compounds, kaolin and pectin, octreotide);
antiemetic agents (serotonin 5-HT3 antagonists, dopamine
antagonists
phenothiazines,
H1
antagonists,
anticholinergics, antagonist of NK1 – aprepitant,
cannabinoids); pancreatic enzyme supplements; bile acids
used in gallstones therapy - pharmacokinetics, clinical uses,
adverse reactions.
Drugs of abuse.
Problems of terminology (abuse, addiction, tolerance,
sensitization, dependence). Types of substance (drug)
dependence, major categories of drugs of abuse (opioids,
cocaine, amphetamine, phencyclidine, cannabis-relateddisorders, hallucinogens, alcohol, nicotine addiction,
inhalants and gases). Abstinence syndrome, therapy of
withdrawal syndrome.
General principles (hazard and risk, routes of exposure,
duration of intoxication). Principles for therapy of poisoning.
Specific toxicants (heavy metal intoxication and chelators,
air pollutans, solvents, insecticides, fumigants, herbicides,
rodenticides) and examples of specific antidotes.
Toxicology.
Drug therapy in pregnancy Drug
therapy
in
pregnancy
(pharmacokinetics,
and during lactation
pharmacodynamics, teratogenic drug actions). Drug use
during lactation.
Special aspects of pediatric Drug therapy in infants and children (pharmacokinetics,
and geriatric pharmacology
pharmacodynamics, pediatric dosage forms and compliance,
pediatric dosage). Pharmacological changes associated with
aging. The use of major drug groups in elderly people.
Adverse drug reactions in the elderly. Practical aspects of
geriatric pharmacology.
Drugs used in dermatology
Dermatologic vehicles. Topical antibacterial agents
(bacitracin&gramidicin, mupirocin, polymyxin&sulfate,
neomycin&gentamicin, topical antibiotics in acne
(clindamycin,
erythromycin,
metronidazole,
sodium
sulfacetamide). Antifungal agents (topical azole derivatives,
cyclopirox olamine, naftifine&terbinafine, butenafine,
tolnaftate, nystatin&amphotericin). Topical antiviral agents
(acyclovir,
valacyclovir,
penciclovir,
famciclovir).
Immunomodulators (imiquimod, tacrolimus&pimecrolimus).
Ectoparasiticides (lindane, crotamiton, sulfur, permethrin,
malathion).
Agents
affecting
pigmentation
(hydroquinone&monobenzone,
trioxsalen%methoxsalen).
Sunscreens. Acne preparations (retinoic acid&derivatives,
isotretinoin, benzyl peroxide, azelaic acid). Drugs for
psoriasis (acitretin, tazarotene, calcipotriene). Antiinflamatory agents (topical corticosteroids, alefacept, tar
compounds). Keratolytic & destructive agents (salicylic acid,
propylene glycol, urea, podophyllum resin & podofilox,
fluorouracil, aminolevulinic acid). Antipruritic agents
(doxepin, pramoxine). Trichogenic&antitrichogenic agents
(minoxidil, finasteride, eflornithine). Antiseborrhea agents.
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2016-2017 Pharmacology Course Regulations
2nd Year of 4-Year MD Programme in English
1. The goal of this course of pharmacology is to provide students with knowledge of drugs that are
useful in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases.
2. The material of the course will be presented through lectures and seminars. During the seminars
students must be prepared to discuss corresponding topics covered during the lecture.
3. Attendance:
 Student’s attendance at the seminars is mandatory– only 1 unjustified absence during the
whole course will be accepted.
 Each student must be present with the group they have been assigned to.
 Each absence during the seminar must be justified by a duly authorised document (sick leave
receipt, University’s letter, letter from other authorities, other)
 Students with unjustified absences have to take the integrative test independent on their
component tests results.
4. Completion of the course of seminars (earning a credit):
o Students’ progress shall be evaluated on an ongoing basis based on the results of Component
Tests carried out at the end of each seminar.
o The whole course of the seminars is considered successfully completed and the student earns
a credit if the following condition is met:
 A student gains a minimum grade of 3.0 calculated as a mean value from all the
Component Tests they wrote (each student must take the Component Test at the end
of the seminar).
o The student whose absence during a seminar is justified as explained above need not take the
Component Test from the seminar he failed to attend.
o Each student who fails to obtain a minimum grade of 3.0 as mentioned above is given a
chance of taking the Integrative Test to improve. The Integrative Test can be taken once. A
passing grade at the Integrative Test gives the student the credit equivalent with successful
completion of the course of seminars. Failure to pass the Integrative Test is equivalent to
failure to complete the course of pharmacology.
5. Completion of the whole course of pharmacology (Final Grade):
The mean grade of all the Component Tests a student wrote (or the grade from the Integrative
Test, if passed), together with the result of the Final Exam, shall be the basis for calculation
the Final Grade from the pharmacology course, as follows:
FINAL grade =Final exam grade (e.g.NBME grade) x 0.6 + seminars mean grade x 0.4
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The Final Exam must be passed to qualify for pharmacology course completion.
If a student fails to pass the Final Exam, they are still allowed two attempts at the Final Exam.
If a student does not pass the Final Exam on any attempt, the failing grade is each time entered
in their Index and Examination Card.
6. Grading scale: 5.0 = Very Good; 4.5 = Better than Good; 4.0 = Good; 3.5 = Fairly good; 3.0 =
Satisfactory; 2.0 = Unsatisfactory.
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