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Linguistics/Grammar
Praxis 0049 – Elluminate Session
March 6th
Presenter: Carol Cherson
Which Terms Do We Know???
Adverb
 Allusion
 Apostrophe
 Ballad Stanza
 Conjunctions
 Homophone
 Irony
 Phonetics
 Preposition (but used it in this presentation)
 Prepositional Phase
 Subject Verb Agreement
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Terms Game –write the answer in the chat box
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A writer’s or speaker’s choice of words
The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, or a word, phrase,
sentence or passage
A phrase containing a participle and any complements or modifiers it has. Ie...
Running on the beach, xxxxx. Ie... xxx hates Buttering his bread with a fork.
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of
a word (such as a prefix).
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of
a word (such as a prefix).- ends in -ing and is used as a noun EX: RUNNING
more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might
be inappropriate or uncomfortable. "He went to his final reward" is a common
__ for "he died." They are also used to obscure the reality of the situation.
related linguistically:The English word "mother" is cognate to the Latin word
"mater," whose influence is visible in the words "maternal" and "maternity."
an extravagant statement or figure of speech not intended to be taken literally,
as "to wait an eternity.“
word used to show the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word
in the sentence. Examples: in, under, near, behind, to, from, over
Terms Game –write the answer in the chat box
Typewriter becomes typewrite, babysitter becomes babysit
a method of representing the sounds of a language by written
or printed symbols
- One word category used in another(advance -n and advance -v)
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to + verb, acts like n, adj, adv Example: to fly
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parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix)
of a root word to create new words.
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How to use this method in your classrooms? (all three slides
as an example
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Verbalize answers
The Adverb Clause
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An adverb clause will meet three requirements:
◦ First, it will contain a subject and verb.
◦ You will also find a subordinate conjunction that keeps the clause from
expressing a complete thought.
◦ Finally, you will notice that the clause answers one of these three
adverb questions: How? When? or Why?
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Read these examples:
◦ Tommy scrubbed the bathroom tile until his arms ached.
 How did Tommy scrub? Until his arms ached, an adverb clause.
◦ Josephine's three cats bolted from the driveway once they saw her car
turn the corner.
 When did the cats bolt? Once they saw her car turn the corner, an adverb
clause.
◦ After her appointment at the orthodontist, Danielle cooked eggs for
dinner because she could easily chew an omelet.
 Why did Danielle cook eggs? Because she could easily chew an omelet, an
adverb clause.
The Adjective Clause
An adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause—will meet three
requirements:
 First, it will contain a subject and verb.
 Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or
a relative adverb [when, where, or why].
 Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How
many? or Which one?
 The adjective clause will follow one of these two patterns:
◦ relative pronoun or adverb + subject + verb
◦ relative pronoun as subject + verb
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Here are some examples:
◦ Whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie
 Whose = relative pronoun; eyes = subject; pleaded = verb.
◦ Why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie
 Why = relative adverb; Fred = subject; can stand = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of the
verb].
◦ That bounced across the kitchen floor
 That = relative pronoun functioning as subject; bounced = verb.
◦ Who hiccupped for seven hours afterward
 Who = relative pronoun functioning as subject; hiccupped = verb.
The Adjective Clause
Avoid writing a sentence fragment.
 An adjective clause does not express a complete thought, so it cannot stand alone as a
sentence. To avoid writing a fragment, you must connect each adjective clause to a main
clause. Read the examples below. Notice that the adjective clause follows the word that it
describes.
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◦ Diane felt manipulated by her beagle Santana, whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie.
◦ Chewing with her mouth open is one reason why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie.
◦ Growling ferociously, Oreo and Skeeter, Madison's two dogs, competed for the hardboiled egg that
bounced across the kitchen floor.
◦ Laughter erupted from Annamarie, who hiccupped for seven hours afterward.
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Punctuate an adjective clause correctly.
◦ Punctuating adjective clauses can be tricky. For each sentence, you will have to decide if the adjective clause
is essential or nonessential and then use commas accordingly.
◦ Essential clauses do not require commas. An adjective clause is essential when you need the information it
provides. Look at this example:
◦ The vegetables that people leave uneaten are often the most nutritious.
◦ Vegetables is nonspecific. To know which ones we are talking about, we must have the information in the
adjective clause. Thus, the adjective clause is essential and requires no commas.
◦ If, however, we eliminate vegetables and choose a more specific noun instead, the adjective clause becomes
nonessential and does require commas to separate it from the rest of the sentence. Read this revision:
◦ Broccoli, which people often leave uneaten, is very nutritious.
Appositive Phrase
An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can
be a short or long combination of words. Look at these examples:
The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.
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The insect, a large cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.
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The insect, 1
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a large cockroach with hairy legs, is crawling across the kitchen table.
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The insect, a large, hairy-legged cockroach that has spied my bowl of oatmeal, is crawling across the kitchen table.
Here are more examples:
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During the dinner conversation, Clifford, the messiest eater at the table, spewed mashed potatoes like an erupting volcano.
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My 286 computer, a modern-day dinosaur, chews floppy disks as noisily as my brother does peanut brittle.
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Genette's bedroom desk, the biggest disaster area in the house, is a collection of overdue library books, dirty plates,
computer components, old mail, cat hair, and empty potato chip bags.
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Reliable, Diane's eleven-year-old beagle, chews holes in the living room carpeting as if he were still a puppy.
Punctuate the appositive correctly.
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The important point to remember is that a nonessential appositive is always separated from the
rest of the sentence with comma(s).
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When the appositive begins the sentence, it looks like this:
◦ A hot-tempered tennis player, Robbie charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a
racket.
When the appositive interrupts the sentence, it looks like this:
◦ Robbie, a hot-tempered tennis player, charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a
racket.
And when the appositive ends the sentence, it looks like this:
◦ Upset by the bad call, the crowd cheered Robbie, a hot-tempered tennis player who charged the umpire and
tried to crack the poor man's skull with a racket.
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Dependent Clause
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clause that contains a noun and a verb but can't
stand alone as sentence
◦ EX:(Because the magician's rabbit refused to come
out of the hat...)
Exercise
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What is the adverbial clause?
◦ She practices as though her life depended on it
 Write an adverbial clause in the chat box
 Look at the chat box and copy two sentences that you think have a great adjective
clause in it.
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What is the adjective clause? (look at paper)
◦ My older brother's car, which he bought two years ago, has already needed many repairs
 Write an adjective clause in the chat box
 Look at the chat box and copy two sentences that you think have a great adjective
clause in it.
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What is the appositive phrase?
◦ Our department head, a careful reader and outspoken critic, will review the memo before it is
circulated.
 Write an Appositive Phrase in the chat box
 Look at the chat box and copy two phrases that you think are good
Idioms
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Write 3 that you use and have used.
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Go fly a kite
You made my day
I was railroaded into that
I feel at home
A babe in the woods
For March 16th have at least two idioms that you
can directly find in one of your novels
Sentence Types
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Compound Sentence
◦ Two main clauses, each with a verb, linked with a conjunction. Eg. "The
sun shone and the children played on the beach"
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Compound Complex Sentence
◦ Independent Clause + Independent Clause + Dependent Clause, @ 3
Subject Verb (I ate popcorn and I watched a movie because I was sick)
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Imperative Sentence
◦ A statement that makes a request or a command. It begins with
a verb, and the statement is always understood to be you. (Bring
your homework to my desk. Subject= you; verb= bring)
Compound Sentences
A compound sentence is a sentence that contains two complete ideas (called
clauses) that are related. These two clauses are usually connected in a compound
sentence by a conjunction. The coordinating conjunctions are "and", "but", "for", "or",
"nor", "yet", or "so".
Example:
Batman is a hero. He is successful in catching the criminals in his city.
Batman is a hero, and he is successful in catching the criminals in his city.
OR…
Batman is a hero, for he is successful in catching the criminals in his city.
Directions: In the following exercises, turn the sentence pairs into single compound sentences, each with a coordinating conjunction. You can
rearrange or add words in the sentence to make it sound better, but only if it's necessary.
1. The black dog has won many prizes. He doesn't know many tricks.
2. She saw a cat run in front of her. She fell down while roller-skating.
3. There was a meteor shower. The crew did not know how to avoid the
meteors.
4. I wanted to buy a baby Chihuahua. I started to save my money.
5. Gillian did not like to read. She was not very good at it.
Compound-Complex Sentences
A compound-complex sentence is made from two independent clauses and one or more
dependent clauses.
Some examples:
1. Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to
go with.
•independent clause: "I haven't had the time to go lately"
•independent clause: "I haven't found anyone to go with"
•dependent clause: "Although I like to go camping... "
**********
2. We decided that the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch scary movies,
thought that we were wrong.
•independent clause: "We decided that the movie was too violent"
•independent clause: "(but) our children thought that we were wrong"
•dependent clause: who like to watch scary movies
Compound-complex sentences are very common in English, but one mistake that students often
make is to try to write them without having mastered the simple sentences, compound
sentences, and complex sentences first
Compound-Complex Sentences
(Example)
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Even though he prefers to eat with a fork, he
chooses to use chopsticks in Chinese restaurants;
however, they aren't easy to use.
◦ independent clause: he chooses to use chopsticks in
Chinese restaurants
◦ independent clause: they aren't easy to use.
◦ dependent clause: Even though he prefers to eat with a
fork
Extra Credit
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Which of the 44 terms were not
mentioned in this presentation????
Resources (click on name or copy the link)
Clauses http://www.towson.edu/ows/AdvAdjNom
Clause.htm
 Bergenimpact
http://bergenimpact.wikispaces.com
 Terms at Grammar Bytes http://www.chompchomp.com/terms.htm
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