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CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Criminal Behavior CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR Intentional behavior that violates a criminal code, intentional in that it did not occur accidentally or without justification or excuse Vastly complex No all-encompassing psychological explanation for crime THE STUDY OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR Should we restrict ourselves to a legal definition and study only those individuals who have been convicted of behaviors legally defined as crime? Should we include individuals who indulge in antisocial behaviors but have not been detected by the criminal justice system? Should we include persons predisposed to be criminal? THEORIES OF CRIME Provide a general explanation of crime that encompasses and systematically connects many different social, economic and psychological variables to criminal behavior Supported by well-executed research TWO THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CRIME Classical Theory Free will Decision to violate law is choice Positivist Theory Determinism Criminal behavior is result of social, psychological, biological influences THREE PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN NATURE Perspective Assumption Conformity Humans want to do right thing Nonconformist Humans undisciplined Learning Humans neutral PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN NATURE CONFORMITY PERSPECTIVE Humans basically good and want to live up to their potential, influenced by society’s attitudes and values Strain theory Crime occurs when there is perceived discrepancy between materialistic values and goals and available means to reach goals PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN NATURE NONCOMFORMIST PERSPECTIVE Humans unruly and undisciplined, need rules and regulations to keep them in check Social control theory Crime occurs when one’s ties to standards are weak or nonexistent PERSPECTIVES ON HUMAN NATURE LEARNING PERSPECTIVE Humans learn all behavior and beliefs from the environment Social learning theory Rotter, Bandura Differential association Sutherland CRIMINOLOGY Psychology Psychiatry Sociology SOCIOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY Examines relationships of demographic and group variables to crime Focuses on groups and society as a whole and how they influence criminal activity Racial disparity Unemployment Poverty PSYCHOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY The science of the behavior and mental processes of the person who commits a crime Focuses on how individual criminal behavior is acquired, evoked, maintained and modified Offender personality Offender behavior PSYCHOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE Trajectory of Criminal Behavior Risk Factors Protective Factors Dispositions or Traits PSYCHIATRIC CRIMINOLOGY Traditionally followed psychoanalytic tradition Contemporary is more diverse and research based Education differences MD or DO as opposed to Ph.D. Psy.D. or Ed.D MEASURING CRIME Official police reports UCR NIBRS Self-report studies ADAM MFS NHSDA Victimization studies NCVS MEASURING CRIME UNIFORM CRIME REPORTING SYSTEM (UCR) Compiled by the FBI Most cited source of U.S. crime statistics Federal agencies do not report Part I and Part II crimes UNIFORM CRIME REPORTING COMMON PART I CRIMES Murder and nonnegligent manslaughter Forcible rape Robbery Aggravated assault Burglary Larceny-theft Arson UNIFORM CRIME REPORTING COMMON PART II CRIMES Simple assaults Forgery and counterfeiting Fraud Embezzlement Stolen Property Offenses against the family and children Sex offenses Drug abuse violations Gambling Vandalism MEASURING CRIME UCR PROBLEMS Hierarchy rule Reliance on agencies to report crime Dark figure Missing information MEASURING CRIME NATIONAL INCIDENT-BASED REPORTING SYSTEM (NIBRS) All federal law enforcement agencies must collect and report data on two categories Group A offenses Group B offenses MEASURING CRIME NIBRS Group A offenses The crime is viewed along with detailed data about aspects of the crime Group B offenses Information about the arrestee and circumstances of the arrest HATE CRIMES The FBI definition A criminal offense committed against a person, property, or society which is motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender’s bias against race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin HATE CRIME LEGISLATION 1990 Hate Crime Statistics Act 1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act 1996 Church Arson Prevention Act 2009 Matthew Shepard Act MEASURING CRIME SELF-REPORT STUDIES Interviews or questionnaires Most individuals admit to violating criminal law Large dark figure Majority of self-reported crime is minor MEASURING CRIME DRUG ABUSE SELF-REPORT SURVEYS Survey NHSDA Data Collection Computer interviews of individuals over age 12 MFS Survey of U.S. high schoolers ADAM Urinalysis MEASURING CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEYS Extent to which individuals are victim of various crimes Victims able to describe the impact of crime and characteristics of offenders MEASURING CRIME NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEY (NCVS) Households interviewed every six months for three years Designed to supplement the UCR Provides detail about crime and victim Relationship patterns Intimate partner violence (IPV) Homeless not represented JUVENILE DELINQUENCY Status offenses Data Imperfect Behavior not against the criminal code but forbidden to juveniles because of age Nature and extent unknown Behavior may be regarded as “rite of passage” that stops with maturity ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR Habitual actions that violate personal rights, laws, and/or widely held social norms Legal delinquency and criminal behavior Actions that violate standards of society but undetected by law enforcement FOCUS OF THE TEXT The persistent and repetitive offender Detected or undetected The individual who has frequently committed serious crimes or antisocial acts over an extended period of time The one-time serious offender CHAPTER 1 KEY CONCEPTS Antisocial behavior Classical theory Clearance rate Cognitions Conformity perspective Criminal profiling Criminology Dark figure Developmental approach Differential association theory Dispositions Hate Crime Statistics Act Hierarchy rule CHAPTER 1 KEY CONCEPTS Index crimes Intimate partner violence Just-world hypothesis Learning perspective National Crime Victimization Survey National IncidentBased Reporting System Nonconformist perspective Nonindex crimes Part I crime Part II crime CHAPTER 1 KEY CONCEPTS Positivist theory Psychiatric criminology Psychological criminology Social control theory Social learning theory Sociological criminology Status offenses Strain theory Theory verification Traits Uniform Crime Reporting