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Ancient Greece It’s all Greek to me? Greek Contributions Olympics Democracy Trial by Jury Theatre- comedy, tragedy, history Medicine Mythology Ancient Olympics 1st recorded Olympic year was in 776 B.C. Started as a religious ceremony honoring the Greek God Zeus Held at city-state Olympia Held for about 5 days every 4 years Only Greeks could compete All Wars stopped Events were held in nude after 776 If a person committed a crime they could not compete Women had different sites to compete Athletes had to qualify at city-state Elis City-States chose their athletes Day One Footraces Day Two Pentathlon Day Three Boxing Day Four Wrestling Day Five Pancreation Prizes and Closing Ceremonies Winners won wreath of olive leaves Riches awaited the winners win the got back to the city state ACHILLES SON OF PELEUS A MORTAL KING AND THETIS, A SEA NYMPH DIPPED BY THETIS IN THE RIVER STIX MAKING HIM INVULNERABLE, EXCEPT HIS HEEL GREATEST WARRIOR OF AGAMENON’S ARMY WILL BE KILLED BY PARIS TROJAN WARS In Greek mythology, war between Greeks and Trojans. The Trojans. The war's final year forms the main part of Homer's Iliad. It began when Paris abducted Helen, wife of Menelaus. Helen (Helen of Troy) was the daughter of Leda and Zeus and was reputed to be the most beautiful woman mortal in the world. The Trojan War was a fierce battle in which The Greeks besieged Troy for nine years. They finally won when, pretending to depart, they left a wooden horse, which the Trojans took into the city. Warriors hidden in the horse opened the city gates to the Greek army, which sacked Troy. All the men and male children were put to death. The females were captured as slaves. The Trojan War probably reflected a real war c.1200 B.C. over control of trade in the Dardanelles. The Greeks had many gods in their religion Zeus was the supreme god They all lived on Mt. Olympus Other main gods were Apollo, Athena, Aphrodite, Eres, Poseidon, and Hades. All souls went to Hades Some Greeks prayed to local gods rather than Mt. Olympus. Greeks were not really united by religion Greek Religion Aphrodite - Goddess of love, romance, and beauty. Her son was Eros, god of Love (though he is not an Olympian.) Apollo - Beautiful god of the sun, light, medicine, and music. Ares - Dark god of war who loves Aphrodite. Artemis - Independent goddess of the hunt, the forest, wildlife, childbirth, and the moon. Sister to Apollo. Athena - Daughter of Zeus and goddess of wisdom, war, and crafts. Sometimes spelled "Athene". Demeter - Goddess of agriculture and mother of Persephone (again, her offspring is not considered to be an Olympian.) Hephaestus - Lame god of fire and the forge. Sometimes spelled Hephaestus. The Hephaestion near the Acropolis is the most beautifully preserved ancient temple in Greece. Mated to Aphrodite. Hera - Wife of Zeus, protector of marriage, familiar with magic. Hermes - The speedy messenger of the gods, god of business. The Romans called him Mercury. Hestia - Calm goddess of home and home life, symbolized by the hearth which holds the continually-burning flame. Poseidon - God of the sea, horses, and of earthquakes. Zeus - Supreme lord of gods, god of the sky, symbolized by the thunderbolt No other city has contributed more to the civilization of mankind than Athens. It is the place where Socrates was born, Plato, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides and many others. It is the place that humanism and democracy were born. The intellectual light that Athens created will always be alive. Spartan Training When a child was born it was judged within 3 days if it would be healthy or unhealthy If unhealthy baby would be taken to junkyard and thrown to wolves At age 7 girls start training at home and boys go to Palestra, a community training center. Introduced to rigorous training At Age 10 boys began to compete in public. Also beating began. Beaten for 5 hours on their birthday until 16. If you made any sound you were executed on the spot Spartan Training Age 12-18 intensive training in running, shooting, etc. Hand to hand combat emphasized Age 18 Young Spartans join secret police to kill any slaves who might rebel Ages 19-24 Frontline Soldiers If soldier did not bring shield home it was a considered a disgrace Age 24-30 Defended Sparta around city-state area Ages 30-60 In reserve duty. Could be arrested if not in shape 60+ Served Spartan government Persian Wars The Persians and Greeks were fighting because of land expansion Greeks expanding toward Persians and Persians expanding toward Greeks There were three different occasions when the Persians attacked the Greeks 1st Persian War 492 BC was Darius wanted to attack Athens but ½ of his navy went off the coast of Thrace. When he demanded bag of water and dirt from the city states they ignored him Persian tactics were to let the enemy get close and then bury them with a barrage of arrows Athenians and Spartans favored close quarter fighting with long, heavy spears, sword, and shield Persian Wars 2nd Persian War 490 BC Darius put 48,000 men on ships and planned to attack Greece Fighting raged for 8 days, then on the 9th day At the Plains of Marathon 10,000 Athenians met him and were outnumbered 2-1, “Persians thought they were mad” In 5 hours the Athenians completely mutilated Persians 6400 Dead Persians, only 192 Athenian deaths Sent Pheidippides the greatest runner in Greece to run and tell Athens they’d won. He fell dead at 26 miles after delivering the message from heat exhaustion and fighting. 3rd Persian War 480 BC Xerxes, son of Darius, intended to get the larges army ever, 250,000+ across the sea At Thermopylae a group of Greeks were to hold the pass The main part of this alliance was King Leonidus and 300 Spartans. After a few days of fighting King Leonidus told the other Greeks to leave. They were successful for three days but then Xerxes sent his troops through a secret pass to surround the Spartans Persian Wars Persian Wars The Spartans were finally overtaken This battle destroyed the moral of the Persian troops Athens was evacuated to Salamis a nearby island Athens was burned and 2/3 was destroyed Xerxes sent his navy into destroy the Greeks but the Greeks had superior boats and destroyed the Persian navy. The result of these Wars is that the Greek way of life was preserved such as democracy and voting. If Persians won our way of life would be different. Battle of Salamis Greatest naval battle of Persian Wars Greeks lead by Themistocles Persians outnumbered Greeks 3-1 Larger Greek ships and close quarter (Greeks could swim) fighting would lead to the downfall of the Persian fleet as Xerxes watched from a nearby hill Xerxes army flees to Plataea and in 479 bc they are defeated again and Greece enters it’s Golden Age Peloponnesian War Sparta vs. Athens lasted for 27 years Best Warriors=Sparta Good Warriors and BIG Population= Athens Neither side got upper hand until a plague hit Athens killing 60% of population Sparta won War ends Greek unity and went back to separate and independent city-states ELEPHANT VS. WHALE “KNOW THY SELF” ORACLE AT DELPHI Greek Philosopher Socrates 469-399 B.C. Athens Great Teacher and philosopher never took money for teachings. Method of teachings was constantly ask questions because it stimulates discussion “Know thyself” was most famous quote He got in trouble for corrupting the people, as he constantly questioned traditions and criticized Peloponnesian War Trail of Socrates 501 men on jury Found guilty of treason and gave him three choices 1 Apologize 2 Move 3 Death by Hemlock **he chose this** Socrates did not write much so we know him by his students Greek Philosophers Plato Socrates most famous student wrote The Republic ideal world. Wrote down own ideas with Socrates influence One of first written works to argue for equal rights for women Aristotle Studied under Plato The most divers well rounded of the three Father of Biology Wrote Politics Taught Alexander the Great “Patience is virtue” “Moderation” Homer Blind and had someone write for him Wrote Illiad and The Odyssey Herodotus Father of History Wrote about 3 Persian Wars biased toward Greeks Thucydidas Wrote about the Peloponnesian War Objective and tried to be accurate Greek Writers Pericles Leader of Athens for 31 years between 460-429 BC “Golden Age” of Athens Greece was strong and united Philip II of Macedonia 350 BC Attacked Persia and brought Greek citystates under his control. Took 1/3 of them Alexander the Great 256-323 BC*Macedonian* Finished fathers job and conquered Greece and Persia Died at age of 33 from malaria Famous Greeks