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Chapter Five The Renaissance and the Reformation The Italian Renaissance The word Renaissance means “rebirth”. It was the rebirth of ancient Greek and Roman Worlds. During this time the Church’s power declined, society recovered from the plague and the instability of the Middle Ages. The Italian Renaissance Italy was a largely urban society with powerful city-states that were political, economical, and social centers. Developed a secular (or worldly) view because of the desire to collect material goods from all over. The Italian Renaissance Emphasized individual ability and self worth. They believed that a well-rounded person was capable of any achievement. Upper class citizens played a big role in the Renaissance society. The Italian States Milan, Venice, and Florence played important roles in Italian politics, all three prospered from trade. Because of control problems in Northern Italy, France tried to take over the area because of all of Italy’s riches. Italy asked Spain for help. France and Spain fought in Italy for 30 years Machiavelli He wrote an influential book on political power called, The Prince. It discussed how to get and keep political power. Machiavelli said a Prince should not act on moral principles but on the interests of the state Renaissance Society Three Social Classes • Nobles or aristocrats-had to follow a standard of conduct and were expected to have talent, character, and grace. • Townspeople- Patricians (traders, bankers, and industry), Burghers (shopkeepers, artisans, and guild workers) • Peasants- 85-90% of the population, except in big cities. Serfdom decreased and the people became citizens Renaissance Society To maintain or strengthen the family or business ties, parents arranged marriage Dowry- a sum of money the brides family paid the groom to marry their daughter The father/husband was the center of the family Humanism Based on literary works of ancient Greece and Rome Studied poetry, moral philosophy, and History Petrarch-did the most to foster humanism’s development, by finding forgotten manuscripts. Many took an interest in civic life. Education in the Renaissance Humanists believed that education could dramatically change human beings. Liberal studies allowed individuals to reach their full potential- history, moral philosophy, rhetoric, grammar, logic, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music. Education in the Renaissance Stressed physical education Tried to create complete citizens Females rarely attended these schools Artistic Renaissance Wanted to imitate nature in their works New world perspective where humans were the “centers and measure of all things” Fresco-a painting done on wet plaster with water based paints. Advances in sculptures, architecture, and paintings. Northern Artistic Renaissance The Renaissance moved into European countries: Belgium, Luxemburg, Netherlands, and Germany Christian Humanism • The Protestant Reformation began with Martin Luther in the sixteenth century. • It divided the western church into Catholic and Protestant groups. • Italian Humanism spread into northern Europe creating Christian Humanism. Christian Humanism They believed in the ability for humans to reason and improve themselves and wanted to reform the Catholic Church. This would happen through inner piety (religious feeling) based on the study of the works of Christians. Before the Reformation People wanted reform because of corruption in the Catholic Church. Popes failed to meet the Church’s spiritual needs (1450-1520), more concerned with the Papal States. Before the Reformation Church officials used their offices to advance their careers and wealth and some were ignorant of their spiritual duties. All this helped lead people to Luther’s Reformation. Martin Luther He was a monk and professor. Through the study of his Bible, he came to reject the catholic teachings that were necessary for salvation (acceptance into heaven). God grants salvation through faith alone not because of human deeds. Martin Luther The Reformations chief teachings were the idea of justification (being made right for God) by faith alone. The Bible, not the church, became the primary source of religious truth. Luther was upset about the practice of indulgences (pay to be forgiven for your sins). Ninety-five Theses Angered by the practice Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, they attacked abuses in selling indulgences and printed thousands of copies. Luther’s Ideas In 1520 Luther called for the German princes to over throw the papacy and establish a reformed German Church. Luther wanted to keep only two sacraments, Baptism and Communion, and wanted the clergy to marry. Luther’s Ideas Luther was excommunicated in 1521 and became an outlaw through the Edict of Worms that ordered him to a legislative assembly of the Holy Roman Empire. His local ruler protected him. His movement became the Revolution. Luther’s Ideas Gaining support from German rulers, they took control of the Catholic Church’s. Luther replaced the mass with bible readings, preaching the word of God, and song which became Lutheranism, the first Protestant church.