Download Chapter 10 Classification

Chapter 10
Classification
• Taxonomy – science of classification
• Robert Whittaker – 5 kingdom system
Cell type – prokaryotic, eukaryotic
Cellular organization –
unicellular/multicellular
Nutritional requirements –
photosynthetic/nonphotosynthetic
Kingdoms
• Prokaryotae – prokaryotic organisms –
bacteria
• Protista – eukaryotic, unicellular – amoeba
• Fungi – eukaryotic – yeasts and molds
• Plants – all plants – conifers, flowering
plants
• Animals – all animals, insects, worms,
vertebrates
Domains
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Based on the ribosomal RNA sequence
Bacteria – normal flora, pathogens
Have peptidoglycan cell wall
Archaea – prokaryotic, unusual organisms
Extreme environments – hot springs, dead
sea, salt lakes – pseudomurein
• Sulfolobus
• Eukarya – protista, fungi, plant, animal
Archaea
• Halophiles – need high concentration of salt –
halobacterium
• Live in salt lakes, dead sea
• Thermophiles – sulfolobus
• Lives in sulfur rich hot springs
• Temperature 70oC, pH2
• Methanogens – Methanobacterium
• Lives in the swamps – breaks down organic
matter to make methane
Classification of bacteria
• Bergey’s manual of systematic
bacteriology – classification scheme
evolutionary relationship among bacteria
• Places bacteria into 8 groups
• Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order,
family, genus, species
• Species – organisms with similar
characteristics
• Strain (subspecies) – organisms within the
species with slightly different
characteristics.
• E.coli O157:H7 – cattle
• Transmitted in undercooked hamburgers
• Bloody diarrhea (dysentery)
• Bergey’s manual of determinative
bacteriology has identification scheme for
bacteria
• Based on cell shape, gram reaction,
biochemical testing
• Enzyme activities
• Urea --- urease--- ammonium ions
Serology
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Antigen and antibody reactions in vitro
Antigen – foreign substance, non-self – bacteria
Immune system makes antibodies – proteins
Antibodies bind to the antigen that stimulated
their production and cause the antigen to
agglutinate.
• Antibody is specific for the antigen that
stimulated its production.
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Bacteria are injected into a rabbit
rabbit’s immune system makes antibodies.
They are released into the blood.
Draw the blood and separate the serum.
That serum has the antibodies.
Slide agglutination test
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2 unknowns – are they salmonella?
Take a slide
Drop of unknown 1 on one end of the slide
Drop of unknown 2 on the other end of the
slide
• Add a drop of salmonella antiserum
antibodies against Salmonella)
• Look for agglutination
Slide agglutination test