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Grammar
Complements, Phrases, & Clauses
SED 340
Complements
• A complement is a word or group of words that
completes the meaning begun by the subject
and verb.
• Four kinds: direct objects, indirect objects,
predicate nominatives, and predicate adjectives
• Two are affected by the action of the verb
• Predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives
are both called subject complements.
Direct Objects
• The direct object receives the action expressed
by the verb or names the result of the action.
• Examples:
1. She drank the soda.
2. I signed the check.
Indirect Objects
• Indirect objects precede the direct object and
tell to whom or what or for whom or what the
action of the verb is done.
• Examples:
1. My mom gave me a present.
2. Bob sent us the memo on Thursday.
Subject Complements
• A subject complement is a word which follows a
linking verb and refers to (explains or describes)
the subject.
• Two kinds: predicate nominatives and predicate
adjectives
Predicate Nominatives
• Predicate nominatives are nouns or pronouns.
• Examples:
1. She is a secretary.
2. It was him.
Predicate Adjectives
• Predicate adjectives are adjectives which
modify the subject.
• Examples:
1. She is pretty.
2. My dog is lazy.
Complements
Complements
Direct
Objects
Indirect
Objects
Subject
Complements
Predicate
Nominatives
Predicate
Adjectives
Clause or Phrase?
•
•
•
•
•
On the playing field
After Stan went to the movies
Even though you washed the dishes
He has eaten a hamburger
Springing into action with the strength of a lion
What is a Phrase?
• A group of words that is missing either a subject
or verb or both.
• Because it is missing one of these two
requirements, it does not meet our definition for a
complete sentence.
• Therefore, a phrase by itself is considered a
fragment, or an incomplete sentence.
Phrases
Types
• Five kinds:
• prepositional
• adjective
• adverb
• verbal
• appositive
Examples
• the ancient oak tree (missing a
verb)
• hitting the window (missing a
subject and verb)
• on a jet plane (missing a subject
and verb)
Prepositional Phrases
• A prepositional phrase is a group of words that
begin with a preposition and usually ends with a
noun or pronoun.
• Examples:
1. Please put the paper in the basket.
2. I found ten apples under the tree.
Charades!
• I need 4 volunteers.
• I will give you a prepositional phrases on a slip of
paper.
• Each pair will act out a prepositional phrase.
• The audience will guess your phrase.
Were you right?
• Quick, hide behind the teacher’s desk!
• Be careful when you jump over the
puddle.
Adjective Phrases
• An adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase
that modifies a noun or a pronoun.
• Examples:
1. That girl in the car is my sister.
2. The disk on the table is his.
Adverb Phrases
• An adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that
modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
• Examples:
1. The pine tree was planted in the back yard.
2. I ran from the dog.
Men, report to duty!
• All the male students, please stand up.
• You will walk to a female student and now
explain the difference between an adjective
phrase and an adverb phrase.
• Go!
Gerunds and Gerund Phrases
• A gerund is a verb form ending in –ing that is
used as a noun.
• A gerund phrase is a group of related words that
includes the gerund.
• Examples:
1. Swimming is my favorite thing to do in the
summer.
2. Washing the dishes is my daily chore.
Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases
• An infinitive is a verb form that can be used as a noun,
an adjective, or an adverb.
• An infinitive has the word to directly before the base
form of the verb.
• An infinitive phrase is a group of related words that
includes the infinitive.
• Examples:
1. I would like to go to Europe.
2. He needs to read the whole book by tomorrow.
Left vs. Right
• Everyone stand up!
• Listen carefully to the following sentences.
• IF you hear an infinitive phrase, hold up your
LEFT HAND & YOUR LEFT LEG.
• IF you hear a gerund, hold up your RIGHT
HAND & YOUR RIGHT LEG.
Appositives and Appositive Phrases
• An appositive is a noun or pronoun that explains the
noun or pronoun it follows.
• An appositive phrase is made up of an appositive and
its modifiers.
• Most of the time it is set apart from the rest of the
sentence with commas, but if the appositive is
necessary to the meaning of the sentence, or is closely
related to the word it follows, no commas are
necessary.
• Examples:
1. Susan, the girl in the front row, is reading a book.
2. The movie Lord of the Rings is his favorite.
Fill in the blank!
• Add an appositive phrase to the following
sentences.
• Students will be called on randomly to share.
1. My teacher is going to give us candy today.
2. The song we just heard is my absolute favorite.
3. Disney World can be fairly expensive to visit.
4. March Madness is a great time to be a college
basketball fan!
Phrases
Phrases
Appositive
Prepositional
Adjective
Adverb
Verbal
Infinitive
Gerund
Participial
Clauses
• A clause is a group of words containing a
subject and a verb which forms part of a
sentence.
• Independent or dependent (subordinate)
• Three kinds: adjective, adverb, and noun
Quick…
• Tell me, as a class, what is the difference between
a phrase and a clause.
• 1, 2, 3…go!
Independent and Dependent Clauses
• An independent clause expresses a complete
thought and can stand by itself as a sentence.
• A dependent clause or subordinate clause does
not express a complete thought and cannot
stand alone.
Adjective Clauses
• An adjective clause is a subordinate clause used
as an adjective to modify a noun or a pronoun.
• An adjective clause almost always begins with a
relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which,
what, and that)
• Examples:
1. The girl who is sitting in the front row is my
best friend.
2. The car that is bright red is speeding.
Adverb Clauses
• An adverb clause is a subordinate clause used as
an adverb.
• Examples:
1. When I smiled at him he waved.
2. Because she wakes up early, she is always on
time.
Noun Clauses
• A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a
noun.
• Can be used as a subject, a complement, or an
object of the preposition
• Examples:
1. They asked who won.
2. My friend asked whoever was able to please
stand.
Practice, practice, practice
• Noun: I know Latin.
• Noun clause: I know that Latin is no longer
spoken as a native language.
• Noun: Their destination is unknown.
• Noun clause: Where they are going is unknown.
• NOW YOU TRY CREATING NOUN CLAUSES
BY REPLACING THESE NOUNS: Shoes/ dog/
Atlanta Braves/ house
Volunteers to share examples
http://docs.google.com/demo/edit?id=scAAcSMXpvV
Zo7HVErrK2pbON&dt=spreadsheet#document
Clauses
Clauses
Independent
Dependent
Adjective
Noun
Adverb
Online Practice
• http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/eduweb/grammar/
• http://aliscot.com/bigdog/prep_exercise.htm
• http://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com/Orange%20Level/O
range_Level_Quiz_4_Clauses_and_Phrases.html
Warm-up: Identify the clause & type
• Whenever Barbara does well, she is thrilled.
• You can make a shirt from whatever
material I don’t use.
• Ella has a bunny that hops around the
room.
• The boy was working faster than I could.
Warm-up: Identify the clause & type
• Whenever Barbara does well, she is
thrilled.- ADV
• You can make a shirt from whatever
material I don’t use.- NOUN
• Ella has a bunny that hops around the
room. - ADJ
• The boy was working faster than I could.ADV