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Download Guided Notes Ch 4, 5, 6
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Ch 4, 5, 6 Guided Notes Name _________________________________ Keystone Species • ______________________ – single species that is vital to ecosystem stability. – Affects the survival and abundance of many other species in its community. Habitat and Niche • Habitat – area where an organism lives ______________ • Niche – role or position that an organism has in its environment ________ – How an organism meets its own needs. – Two species with same niches cannot ___________ in the same habitat Relationships Among Organisms • Organisms that live together constantly interact shapes an ecosystem. • Types of Interactions: – – – 1) Competition • Two or more organisms need the same _______________ at the same time. – _______________ species or ________________ species. – Organisms typically occupy the same niche. – ________________________ for mates, food, space, etc. – Strong survive and weak die “_______________________________” 2) Predation • Predation – act of one organism _____________ another organism for food. – Most species get their food by __________________ other organisms. – Predators affect the size of prey populations. – _____________________ – the hunter – _____________________ – the hunted • Population size of predators in an ecosystem is directly affected by the size of the prey population. • Fluctuations are predictable. – Prey increases predator _____________________ – Prey decreases predator _____________________ Symbiotic • Symbiosis – close relationship that exists when two or more species live together ________________________ – Types: • • • 3) Mutualism • Mutualism – both organisms _______________ each other. 4) Commensalism • Commensalism – one organism _________________ and the other neither helped nor harmed. 5) Parasitism • Parasitism – one organism benefits at the expense of another. – ____________________ lives on or in an organism & feeds – ____________________ organism that nourishment is taken from • Usually the host is not killed Types of Interactions Population • ________________________________ – group of organisms belonging to the same species that live in the same area. – Described based on their: • __________________ # of individuals • __________________ # of individuals per area of space • _________________________ arrangement Population Growth Population size affected by: • • • # Leaving • # Entering Exponential Growth • Exponential Growth – growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant ________________________ rate. – Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources. – Graph ______________________ Carrying Capacity • Carrying Capacity – ______________________ number of individuals of a particular species that environment can support. • Logistic Growth – includes the influence of limiting factors on population growth • Graph ____________________ Regulation of a Population • Limiting Factor – any abiotic or biotic factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms _________ population growth. – Examples: sun, climate, temp., water, nutrients, fire, soil, space, etc. – A population is affected by __________________________ Types of Limiting Factors • Density-dependent occur more quickly in a _______________ population than a small one. – Triggered by _____________________ in population size – Examples: competition, predation, parasitism, disease. • Density independent occur regardless of the _______________________ – Reduces the size of all populations in the area by the same proportion. – Mostly abiotic factors, human activities, natural disasters. • ___________________ Factors may be chemical or physical. – Examples: water, N, O, salinity, pH, nutrients, precipitation. • ___________________ Factors all living components. – Examples: bacteria, fungi, plants, animals. – Changes in abiotic or biotic factors may decrease OR increase the size of a population. Ch 4, 5, 6 Guided Notes Name _________________________________ Ecological Succession • Ecological Succession – series of ______________________ in an ecosystem when one community ______________________ another community. – Continual process of change and replacement because of competition. – Occurs in ____________ ecosystems. – Two Types: • Primary _______________________ process • Secondary ______________________ process Primary Succession • Occurs in an area that has not previously been ________________________. – Examples: Volcanic eruption exposes bare rock, glaciers retreat exposing bare rock, or a city street. – Pioneer species (___________________________________) such as lichens (fungi and algae), mosses, & bacteria can grow without soil. – _____________________________ species break rock into soil. – ___________________________ habitats for organisms. – Nutrients and soil ___________________________ over time. – Small plants (ferns and shrubs) grow breaking rock into more soil. – Plant seeds germinate and grow. – Over time more species grow and die _________________________ = more nutrients in soil and larger plants grow. – Plants change = _________________________ change – Communities replace other communities – ___________________________________ – stable, mature forest community where there is little change in the composition of species. Secondary Succession • _________________________ of damaged ecosystem with well-formed soil. – Examples: abandoned farmland, vacant lots, clear-cut forests, areas produced by forest fires. – Similar to primary succession in later stages (after soil has formed). – __________________________________________ occurs such as fire, hurricane, human activities and community is destroyed. – Ecosystem interacts to restore _______________________ conditions. Earth as a System • • • • • ___________________________ all living organisms ___________________________ solid, rocky part (core crust) ___________________________ water ___________________________ gases All systems must interact efficiently to maintain an ecosystem. Greenhouse Effect • Greenhouse Effect – normal ___________________________ effect when gases trap heat in the atmosphere. – _____________________________________ (CO2, O2, methane, water vapor) trap heat energy & maintain temperature on Earth. CO2 in Atmosphere • Higher temperatures and shifting climate patterns may change areas where crops grow best and affect the makeup of natural plant communities. • Increase CO2 = increase rate of _________________________________ Atmospheric Greenhouse CO2 Effect Avg. Global Temps. Plants Rate of CO2 Atmospheric Photosynthesis Absorbed CO2 by Plants Biodiversity • Biodiversity – _________________ of organisms living in an area at the same time includes # of different species & population size of each species. – _______________________ diversity – genes & pattern of variation – _______________________ diversity – variety & abundance of species – _______________________ diversity – variety of habitats • Humans depend on Earth’s biodiversity & ecosystem resources (such as clean water & air) to ________________________. Threats to Biodiversity 1. _________________________________________ – Humans destroy & convert complex natural ecosystems into simple systems that do not support many species. – __________________ 1% lost each year due to logging & agriculture – __________________ destroyed “waste areas” – ________________ fragmentation – prevents organism from accessing its entire home range. Solution build land bridges or corridors. 2. Invasive Species – Living organisms not ____________________ to an ecosystem. – ______________________ decrease biodiversity, preying on native species, competition, disease, changing food webs, etc. 3. ________________________________ – CO2 & other greenhouse gases, human wastes, chemicals 4. Human Population Growth – _________________________________ growth world-wide – Population reaches Earth’s ______________________________ due to: • Water shortages • Waste removal and pollution • Food resources and land usage • Imbalance of biogeochemical cycles 5. Overharvesting – Resources are consumed at an _____________________________ rate – Examples: overhunting, excessive logging, overfishing Ecological Restoration • Process of assisting the _____________________________ of an ecosystem that has been destroyed. Human Impact • ___________________________________ – humans survive indefinitely balance between resources and carrying capacity. • Factors that affect sustainability of humans: – Population growth increased diseases, food & water shortage – Pollution & waste – Consumption of resources demand _________________________ • Renewable - production ____ consumption – Food & water • Nonrenewable - production ____ consumption – Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)