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Chapter 5 The Roman Republic Timeline The Roman Republic Italy, less mountainous and more fertile than Greece, almost bisects the Mediterranean, and was thus potentially positioned to dominate that inland sea, and under Rome it did so. The Greeks to the south and the Etruscans to the north were early influences, and the latter ruled Rome during the sixth century B.C. In 509 B.C. the Romans expelled the Etruscans establishing a republic. There were various magistrates, with two consuls at the apex. The Senate of 300 was not formally a legislature, but its advice came to have the force of law. The several assemblies were dominated by the rich few. Rome was a republic, but one ruled by an aristocratic oligarchy. The Emergence of Rome Geography of Italy 750 miles long; 120 miles across Mountains and Plains Islands Rome Tiber River Mediterranean Sea Map 5.1: Ancient Italy The Greeks, Etruscans, and Early Rome The Greeks Arrived between 750 – 550 B.C. Influence on Romans The Etruscans Origins Urbanization Early Rome Romulus and Remus (753 B.C.) Monarchy Etruscan influence Founding of the Republic (c. 509 B.C.) The Roman State Political Institutions Consuls and Praetors • Imperium Specialized Officials • Quaestors, Aediles, Censors Roman Senate • 300 Men served for life Centuriate Assembly Social Organization Paterfamilias Clientage Patricians and Plebeians The Struggle of the Orders Political Inequality Plebeians withdraw from the state (494 B.C.) Tribunes of the Plebs Council of the Plebs Plebiscita The Twelve Tables of Law (450 B.C.) Hortensian Law (287 B.C.) Consequences of the struggle between the orders Roman citizens were divided into two groups, or orders, the few patricians and the many plebeians. At the beginning of the Republic the former had the power, but from the early fifth century the two orders struggled with each other. Over time, through the Roman genius for political compromise, the plebeian gained influence, including a plebeian assembly, the right to become magistrates, and intermarriage, but most of the advantages went to the richer plebeians. The Roman Conquest of Italy Livy Conquest of the Samnites (beginning c. 340 B.C.) Roman Confederation Citizenship Opportunistic Expansion Roads Obligatory Military Service Roman Roads in Italy, c. 100 B.C. Rome also struggled with its neighbors, but not so peacefully. By 264 B.C. Rome was the master of Italy. Roman diplomacy was as important as its armies, and its rule was softened by allowing local autonomy and gradually granting Roman citizenship to non-Romans. The next challenge was Carthage and its empire in Africa and Spain. Three wars were fought (the Punic Wars: 264241, 218-202, and 149146 B.C.), with Rome the victor. In the east, Rome conquered Macedonia in 148 B.C., taking over Greece. As the text states, there was no imperial master plan. Its empire resulted from a combination of factors, including sheer opportunism. Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean (264 – 133 B.C.) The Struggle with Carthage First Punic War (264 – 241 B.C.) • Roman conquest of Sicily Second Punic War (218 – 205 B.C.) • Hannibal Invasion of Italy Battle of Cannae (216 B.C.) • Battle of Zama • Roman conquest of Spain Third Punic War (149 – 146 B.C.) • Cato • Carthage destroyed Map 5.2: Roman Conquests in the Mediterranean, 264-133 B.C. The Eastern Mediterranean & Roman Imperialism The Eastern Mediterranean Greek support for Carthage Macedonia made Roman province (148 B.C.) Corinth destroyed (146 B.C.) Acquisition of Pergamum (133 B.C.) The Nature of Roman Imperialism Opportunistic expansion Willful expansion Religion and law permeated Roman life. Ritual was at the focus of religion, for ritual established the correct relationship with the gods, both for individuals (families had their household cults) and for the state. Roman law was among its most enduring accomplishments. The early laws, written in the Twelve Tables, was the civil law for Romans. As they expanded, a new body of law developed, the law of nations, for Romans and non-Romans alike. Finally, a system of natural law emerged, based upon reason and universal divine law. Late Republican Rome was influenced by Hellenistic Greece, particularly in literature, art, and Stoic philosophy. Roman Religion Religion and the State Adoption of New Deities Greco-Roman Religion Rituals Omens Household Cults Religious Festivals The Temple of Diana – Nimes, Southern France Education: The Importance of Rhetoric Rome had no public education Greek Studies Rhetoric and philosophy Schools In the second century the conservative and traditional values of Rome declined as affluence and individualism increased, and from 133 B.C. to 31 B.C. the Republic was in crisis. There were factional struggles within the governing oligarchy. The small farmer class, the backbone of Rome’s armies, had largely lost their lands to the wealthy as a result of Rome’s imperial ventures. Attempts were made to solve the problem of corrupted values and lack of an army by demanding lands be restored to the ex-farmers, recruiting an army by promising land to the landless, and dictatorship, but much Roman blood was shed in the process. Schoolmaster and Pupils The Growth of Slavery Slaves from conquests Slave Occupations Latifundia Treatment of Slaves Slave Laws Slave Revolts Revolt in Sicily (104 – 101 B.C.) Revolt by Spartacus (73 B.C.) Roman Family, Roman Law The Roman Family Paterfamilias • Authority • Arranged marriages Divorce • Education of daughters The Evolution of Roman Law The Twelve Tables (450 B.C.) Praetors Law of Nations Law of Nature A Roman Lady The Development of Literature and Art Literature Plautus (c. 254 – 184 B.C.) Terence (185 – 159 B.C.) Latin Prose Influence of Hellenistic Art Values and Attitudes Cato the Elder (234 – 149 B.C.) Scipio Aemilianus (185 – 129 B.C.) The Pont du Gard – Roman Aqueduct Provence, France Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133 – 31 B.C.) Power of the Senate Control of the Nobiles (Governing Class) Optimates Populares Rule of the Equestrians The Land Problem Latifundias Tiberius Gracchus (163 – 133 B.C.) Gaius Gracchus (153 – 121 B.C.) A New Role for the Roman Army: Marius and Sulla Marius (consul 107, 104 – 100 B.C.) Military reforms Lucius Cornelius Sulla (dictator 82 – 79 B.C.) Seizes power using the army Reign of terror against opponents The Death of the Republic The Rise of Pompey Role of Marcus Tullius Cicero ( 106 – 43 B.C.) First Triumvirate (Crassus, Pompey and Caesar) Julius Caesar (100 – 44 B.C.) Conquest of Gaul (Modern France) Crosses the Rubicon River (49 B.C.) Defeats Pompey Dictator in 47 B.C.; Dictator for Life in 44 B.C. Reconstitutes Senate Assassinated (44 B.C.) Octavian and Marc Antony Cleopatra Queen of Egypt Battle of Actium (31 B.C.) Marc Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide In 60 B.C., Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar seized power. Caesar conquered Gaul (most of western Europe) during the 50s B.C., thus becoming a threat to Pompey and the Senate. War led the defeat of the Senate and the death of Pompey. Caesar became dictator, thus alienating the Senate oligarchy, who murdered him on March 15, 44 B.C. Mark Antony, Caesar’s chief associate, and Caesar’s young adopted heir, Octavian, then formed an alliance, but Antony’s relations with the Egyptian ruler, Cleopatra, contributed to the breaking of the pact. At the battle of Actium (31 B.C.) Antony and Cleopatra were defeated, and Octavian became the sole ruler of the Roman world. The Republic had come to an end. Map 5.3: Roman Dominions in the Late Republic, 31 B.C. Literature in the Late Republic Catullus (born c. 82 B.C.) Lucretius (c. 94 – 55 B.C.) Cicero (106 – 43 B.C.) Sallust (86 – 35 B.C.) Caesar (100 – 44 B.C.) Discussion Questions Why were the Romans able to defeat or subdue all their enemies in the Italian peninsula? What were the keys to the Roman defeat of Carthage during the Punic Wars? What influence did Greece and other Italian peoples have on the Romans? What was the nature of Roman Imperialism? Did slavery have a positive or negative effect on the Roman Republic? What factors brought about the downfall of the Roman Republic? Web Links The Mysterious Etruscans Internet Ancient History Sourcebook - Rome Encyclopedia Mythica: Roman Mythology Rome Exposed Hannibal Barca and the Punic Wars Resisting Slavery in Ancient Rome The Glory that was Rome Julius Caesar: The Last Dictator