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Transcript
Traits for marine species Mark Costello Why traits? Users may want information on species with a particular trait Enrich species’ names with more information Multiplies number of possible analyses from species database Classifications can be viewed as hypotheses of what traits are important in ecology, evolution, and ecosystems 2 4/30/2017 What are species’ traits? Species ‘status’ is different Are 1. 2. Relatively unchanging attributes of a “species” Distinct from “population” traits that vary within a species 1. It varies in space and/or time 2. Whether Commercially fished Threatened with extinction Invasive, introduced Cultural importance 3 4/30/2017 What traits may or may not need Standardised vocabulary (definitions of terminology) Classification? Minimum redundancy (similar traits duplicated in parts of classification)? Top down design Bottom up development? 4 4/30/2017 Principles for prioritizing traits 1. Primary over secondary (i.e. derived from primary) 2. Numerical and continuous over categorical 3. Applicable a) b) c) at species level across all taxa at higher taxonomic levels (e.g. class, order) 4. Availability (in theory) for most species of any taxon 5. Relevance to users – need demonstration of uses 5 4/30/2017 What are outside this proposed EMODNET trait classification? Secondary traits E.g. dispersal, bioturbation potential Population level traits Distribution Seascapes Species ‘status’ Economic, conservation, pest, introduced 6 4/30/2017 What already in WoRMS Taxonomic classification (evolutionary traits) Environment (marine, brackish, freshwater, terrestrial) Geography (place name gazetteer, country sea area, etc.) Status as introduced, invasive, threatened, etc.. 7 EMODnet 4/30/2017 User groups In WoRMS now Harmful alga blooms (HAB) Deep-sea Introduced and invasive (in preparation) Potential macro-ecology research? body size and taxonomic richness patterns Invasive species risk assessment With OBIS – distribution by body size, calcareous skeleton, ..other? Calcareous skeleton species and ocean acidification of fossil record Parasite – host richness and distribution patterns 8 4/30/2017 Traits in BIOTIC: “Biological” Growth form - 44 categories e.g. Algal gravel, Bivalved, Foliose, Turbinate, Encrusting, Growth rate (expressed as µm, mm, cm per day/month/year) Size (max.) - 6 categories from Very small(<1cm) to Large(>50cm) Environmental position - 14 categories e.g. Epibenthic, Infaunal, Interstitial, Pelagic, Demersal Habit - 10 categories e.g. Attached, Bed forming, Burrow dwelling, Erect Encrusting Height (above substratum) – (mm/cm/m) Flexibility - High (>45°) / Low (10 – 45°) / None (<10°) Fragility - Fragile, Intermediary, Robust Mobility/movement - Swimmer, Crawler, Burrower, Drifter, Attached (permanent, temporary) Dispersal potential (adult) - 7 categories from None, Very limited (<1m)to >10km Feeding method - 19 categories e.g. Autotroph, Detritivore, Grazer, Predator Typical food type (descriptive text) Bioturbator - 4 categories e.g. Diffusive mixing, Conveyor belt transport, Sociability -Free living, Gregarious, Colonial Dependency –Independent, Parasitic, Mutualist, Inquilinist, Commensal, Host Toxicity - (Yes/No) 9 (for another species) - (Yes/No) Host 4/30/2017 Traits in BIOTIC: “habitat” Distribution (UK & Global) - ( descriptive text) Biogeographic range - ( descriptive text) Migratory - Resident, Passive, Active (Diel, Seasonal) Depth range (expressed as metres below chart datum) Substratum preferences – 38 categories, e.g. Bedrock, Boulders, Mud, Gravel, Mixed, Other Physiography - 9 categories e.g. Open coast, Strait / sound, Sea loch, Ria / Voe, Estuary Biological zone – Benthic (15 categories), Pelagic (8 categories) Wave exposure - 8 categories form Extremely Exposed, to Ultra Sheltered Tidal strength - Very Strong, Strong, Moderately Strong, Weak, Very Weak (negligible) Salinity (range) - Full (30-40 psu), Variable (18-40 psu), Reduced (18-30 psu), Low (<18 psu) 10 4/30/2017 Traits in BIOTIC: “Life history” Reproductive type- 17 categories e.g. Budding, Fission, Gonochoristic, Hermaphrodite Regeneration potential – yes/no Reproductive frequency - 7 categories e.g. Semelparous, Annual episodic, Biannual protracted Reproductive season- (range of months or seasons) Reproductive location - As adult, Adult burrow, Brooding, Sediment surface, Water column Life span (max.) - 8 categories from <1 year, to 100+ years Generation time 8 categories from <1 year, to 100+ years Age at maturity - 8 categories from <1 year, to 100+ years Fecundity – number of eggs Egg/propagule size – value (µm, mm, cm) Fertilization type - External, Internal, Self-fertile, None (asexual) Developmental mechanism – 10 categories e.g. Planktotrophic, Oviparous, Viviparous Larval/juvenile dispersal potential - 7 categories from None, Very limited (<1m) >10km Larval settlement period - (range of months or seasons) Duration of larval stage -<1 day, 1 day, 2-10 days, 11-30 days, 1-2 months, 1-6 months, >6 months 11 4/30/2017 In FishBase Taxonomy Common names Synonyms Distribution Countries FAO areas Ecosystems Occurrences 12 Ecology Diet Food items Food consumption Ration Predators Biology Age Mass conversion Size Metabolism Growth Diseases Length-weight Fish sounds relationship Length-length Gill area Length-frequencies Otoliths Morphometrics Brains Morphology Vision Maturity Swimming speed Spawning Swimming type Fecundity Ecotoxicology Eggs Ciguatera Egg development Larvae Larval dynamics Reproduction Status Introductions Aquaculture Aquaculture profile Processing Genetics Strains Allele frequencies Heritability Stocks Recruitment Abundance 4/30/2017 % species 96 Trait availability in BIOTIC, 685 species Body size 60-90 None 51-60 Mobility, Sociability, Feeding method, Habit, Fragility, Flexibility 40-50 Developmental mechanism, Regeneration, Reproductive type, Dependency, Growth form, Substratum, Food Type, Distribution in UK, Depth Range, Global Distribution, Environmental position, Life Span 30-40 Reproductive Season, Fertilization Type, Reproductive Frequency, Reproductive Location, Maturity, Migratory, Larval Settling Time, Biological zone, Dispersal Potential (Adult), Salinity, Physiography 20-30 Fecundity, Dispersal Potential (Larvae), Wave exposure, Bioturbator, Egg Size, Fecundity, Larval Settlement Period, Tidal strength 10-20 Generation Time (136), Growth Rate (115), Height (96), Biogeography (93) < 10 Toxic (50), Host (6) 13 4/30/2017 Trait Relevance of propsoed high priority traits Taxonomic Depth Related species have similar traits so taxonomic relationships predict traits of related species Most studies are confined to a particular environment so this trait allows users to quickly isolate species of interest for their purpose. The most widely available variable to distinguish species habitat. Substratum A key physical factor determining benthic species habitat. Habitat Derived from environment, depth, and substratum. ‘Habit’ Determines mode of dispersal and ecological role (e.g. habitat forming) in the ecosystem. Calcareous important for ocean acidification and fossil record. Gelatinous important due to sampling difficulties, role as predators, and hazard to humans. Influence on abundance of other species, determines position in food web. Environment Skeleton Diet Feeding method Determines its diet and potential prey, and functional role in the ecosystem. Body size Related to position in food web, species abundance, metabolic rates, and dispersal. 14 4/30/2017 Additional possible traits Trait Why important Metric Life-span Indicates population stability over time and dispersal potential of various life-stages (e.g. longer planktonic larva life-span) Days or years Fecundity Indicates potential abundance and recovery from population decline. Number of eggs per female per spawning 15 4/30/2017 10 classes traits proposed as priority for WoRMS Trait class Taxonomic Categories Phylum to Genus Environment Marine, brackish, freshwater, terrestrial Depth Substratum Intertidal, subtidal, deep-sea (>500 m) Pelagic, benthic5, biological, aerial Habitat Combination of environment, depth and substratum Numerical Deepest & shallowest depth Habit? Mobility? Sessile, sedentary, errant (vagile, mobile)1, pelagic2, aggregated3, infauna4 Skeleton Calcareous skeleton, gelatinous Diet Carnivore, omnivore, herbivore, parasite, detrivore, phototrophic, chemoautotroph Feeding method Body size Suspension, deposit, grazer, predator -- Particle size consumed? Maximum body length in mm excluding limbs, spines, setae 16 4/30/2017 Subclasses of priority traits if needed Errant: swimming, drifting, crawling, burrowing, flying, gliding, and jet propulsion. Pelagic: pleuston, neuston, plankton (drifting), nekton, phyto-, zooplankton, demersal (= hyperbenthos, benthopelagic). Aggregated: schooling, swarming, and colonial (fixed together in colony) Infauna: burrowing, interstitial. Benthic substratum: mud, sand, gravel (pebble, cobble), boulder, bedrock. Obligate species association. 17 4/30/2017 Additional traits to consider Trait Comment Fossil Should the classification already agreed for WoRMS be included here? Body form Forms 3-D habitat as epifauna or infauna? What spatial or size scale? Can this be derived from skeleton and habit? Reproduction Ovoviviparous, viviparous, hermaphroditic, asexual, protogynous, iteroparous or semelparous, brooding, nesting, parental care 18 4/30/2017 Questions and discussion? 19 4/30/2017