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The Rise of Islam Muhammad unifies the Arab people both politically and through the religion of Islam. FACTS Islam is the second most widely followed religion in the world today. About 1/5 of the world’s inhabitants are Muslims. Symbol of Islam Some Muslims scholars say the crescent and the star is symbolic of the solace and understanding offered by Islam. Just as the waxing moon increases in light and the star provides direction, Islam steadily guides the faithful toward Allah. The five points of the star may represent the Five Pillars of Islam. Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes The Arabian Peninsula A crossroads of three continents; Africa Asia, and Europe Mostly desert with small amount of fertile land Desert and Town Life Bedouins, Arab nomads, thrive in the desert Bedouins live in clans, which give support to members Some Arabs settle near oases or market towns Crossroads of Trade and Ideas Many sea and land trade routes pass through Arabia Trade extends to the Byzantine and Sassanid empires to the north One of the trading places was Petra in present day Jordan Mecca Pilgrims come to Mecca to worship at the Kaaba, an ancient shrine Arabs associate shrine with Hebrew prophet Abraham and monotheism Some tribes worship many gods and spirits, bring idols to Kaaba Some Arabs believe in one God-Allah in Arabic Muhammad Early Life 1. Around 570 AD Muhammad is born into a powerful Meccan clan 2. Father died when he was born. Six years later his mother dies. Raised by a grandfather and later by an uncle 3. Becomes a trader, marries wealthy businesswoman, Khadijah Muhammad cont. 4. by age 40, Muhammad spends much time in prayer and meditation 5. He hears angel Gabriel tell him he is a messenger of Allah 6. Muhammad founds religion of Islam”submission to the will of Allah” 7. Many join him and become Muslim-”one who has submitted” What evidence supports the conclusion that Muhammad had a rewarding life as a young man? He had a good marriage and a successful business, and he often spent time in prayer and meditation. What were Muhammad’s revelations? Allah spoke to him through the angel Gabriel He, Muhammad, was the last of the prophets and had to teach others that Allah was the one and only God and that all other gods must be abandoned. Why were Muhammad’s ideas unpopular in Mecca? Meccans feared that traditional Arab gods would be neglected and that Mecca would no longer be a center for pilgrims. The Hijrah Muhammad’s followers are attacked; together they leave Mecca in 622 Hijrah-the Muslim migration from Mecca to Yathrib (renamed Medina) In what ways was the Hijrah a turning point? Muhammad attracts many more followers and becomes a great leader. 1. Political leader 2. Religious leader 3. Military leader-tackles growing hostilities between Mecca and Medina Returning to Mecca In 630 Muhammad and 10,000 followers return to Mecca Meccan leaders surrender Muhammad destroys idols in Kaaba Meccans convert to Islam Muhammad unifies Arabian Peninsula Why was Muhammad’s return to Mecca important? Muhammad used Mecca as a base from which to work toward unifying the Arabian peninsula under Islam. What does Islam teach its . followers? There is only one god, Allah. People are responsible for their own actions There is good and evil Dome of the Rock Muslims believe Muhammad rose to heaven here to learn Allah’s will Jews believe Abraham was prepared to sacrifice son Isaac at same site Five Pillars Muslims musts carry out five duties-the Five Pillars of Islam 1. Statement of faith to Allah and to Muhammad as his prophet 2. Pray five times a day toward Mecca, can use a mosque-Islamic house of worship (Pray at sunset, in the evening, at dawn, at noon, and in the afternoon) These five prescribed prayers contain verses from the Quran and are said in Arabic. Personal prayers can be offered in one’s own language and at any time. Each prayer involves different bowing positions. Call to Prayer God is Great. God is Great. God is Great. God is Great. I testify that there is none worthy of worship except God. I testify that there is none worthy of worship except God. I testify that Muhammad is the messenger of God. I testify that Muhammad is the messenger of God. Come to prayer. Come to prayer. Come to success. Come to success. God is Great. God is Great. There is none worthy of worship except God. Five Pillars cont. 3. Give alms, or money for the poor An important principle of Islam is that everything belongs to God and that wealth is therefore held by human beings in trust. (Giving of a fortieth of one’s capital, excluding such items as primary residence, car and professional tools.) An individual may also give as much as he or she pleases and does so preferably in secret. Five Pillars cont. 4. Fast between dawn and sunset during holy month of Ramadan (9th month) Those who are sick, elderly, or on a journey, and pregnant or nursing women are permitted to break the fast and make up an equal number of days later in the year. Although fasting is beneficial to health, it is mainly a method of selfpurification and self-restrain Five Pillars cont 5. Perform the hajj-pilgrimage to Mecca- at least once who are physically and financially able to do so Go during the 12th month Exchanges clothes for two plain pieces of white cloth The rites of the hajj include going around the Kaaba seven times and kissing the black stone if he can, going to Mt. Arafat to hear a sermon, going to Mina and throwing stones at pillars which represent the devil, making a sacrifice of a goat or sheep, going back to Mecca and repeating rituals at the Kaaba. He may then go on to visit Muhammad’s tomb at Medina although this is not officially a part of the pilgrimage. Hajj Kaaba in Mecca Kaaba 15 meters high Floor covered with marble No furniture except gold and silver lamps The Kaaba is covered by a black curtain produced in Egypt and changed annually at the time of the hajj. On the outside above the ground is the Black Stone (now is pieces which are tied together with a silver band). How does carrying out the Five Pillars and other laws of Islam affect the daily lives of Muslims? Muslims do not separate their personal life from their religious life. Carrying out the Five Pillars of Islam and other customs ensures that Muslims live their religion while serving in their communities. *_______________ *_______________ Islam *_______________ *_______________ *_______________ *_______________ Judaism *_______________ *_______________ *_______________ Christianity *_______________ *_______________ *_______________ A Way of Life Customs and traditions guide Muslim’s lives No priests Holy day of the week-Friday Do not eat pork Do not drink alcohol Comparison with Judaism Holy Day of WeekSaturday Symbol-Star of David Place of WorshipSynagogue Holy Book-Torah Comparison with Christianity Holy Day of WeekSunday Place of Worshipchurch, cathedral Symbol-Cross Holy Book-Bible Sources of Authority Original source of authority for Muslims is Allah Quran-holy, book, contains revelations Muhammad received from Allah (114 chapters) Muslims follow Sunna-Muhammad’s example for proper Muslim life Guidance of Quran and Sunna assembled in body of law-shariah Regulates family life, moral conduct, business life, and community life of Muslims How does observing Islamic teachings create unity among Muslims? Because the Quran was written in Arabic, the language spread widely as Muslim expanded into many lands. Why do you think that Muslims consider only the Arabic version of the Quran to be the true word of Allah? Translation might contain errors or reinterpretations. Place of Worship-Mosque The Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul The Al-‘Abbās Mosque is visited by millions of Shī‘ah pilgrims every year, in Karbala, Iraq Minaret-Prayer Tower Links to Judaism and Christianity To Muslims, Allah is same God worshiped by Christians and Jews Quran, Gospels, Torah—contain God’s will as revealed through others Muslims, Christians, and Jews trace their roots to Abraham All three religions believe in heaven, hell, and a day of judgment Sharia law requires Muslim leaders to extend religious tolerance Description of Heaven and Hell from the Quaran “On the Day of Judgment many faces will be downcast, toiling, weary, scorched by burning fire, drinking from a boiling spring. No food for them save bitter-thorn-fruit, which does not feed or satisfy. On that day other faces will be calm, glad for their past effort, in a high garden, where they hear no foolish chatter, where there is a gushing spring, where there are couches to lie on, and glasses (to drink from) set to hand, and cushions piled up, and silk carpets spread out.” How did Islamic law affect Muslim attitudes toward Christians and Jews? Sharia’s law required Muslims to extend religious tolerance to Christians and Jews (People of the Book)