Download AG-GH-PS-01.461-02.3p Plant Growth and Repro-2

Plant Growth and
Reproduction
Modified by GA Agricultural Education Curriculum Office
July 2002
August 2008
I. Stages in Plant Growth
A. Planting of seed
B. Germination
C. Emergence of seedling
D. Vegetative growth
E. Reproduction
F. Production of seed
G. Maturity
H. Death or harvesting
August 2008
II. Life Cycles of Plants
A. Annual
B. Winter Annual
C. Biennial
D. Perennial
August 2008
III. Uses of Plants
A. Cereal or Grain Crops
B. Oil Seed Crops
C. Forage and Pasture Crops
D. Root and Tuber Crops
E. Fiber Crops
F. Sugar Crops
G. Special Crops
August 2008
IV. Plant Classification
A. The two general categories of flowering plants are:
1. Monocotyledonous- includes the grasses
2. Dicotyledonous – includes the broadleaf plants
B. Definitions:
1. Cotyledon – embryonic leaves that serve as food
storing organs.
2. Monocotyledon – a flowering plant with one seed
leaf or cotyledon
3. Dicotyledon – a flowering plant with two seed
leaves or cotyledons
August 2008
V. Plant Parts and Functions
A. Root - anchors the plant; absorbs water and
minerals and transports them to the stem;
stores food produced by the above ground
portion of the plant
B. Stem - the above ground portion of the plant;
attachment point for leaves, flowers, stems, etc.;
contains water and food
C. Leaf - contains organelles that photosynthesize
D. Bud or Flower - reproductive organs
August 2008
VI. Root Types
A. Two types of roots:
1. Fibrous Root – a type of root system
characterized by many branches of roots
2. Taproot – a type of root system; includes
the primary root from which all other
lateral/secondary roots grow
August 2008
VII. Plant Stems and Vascular
System
A. External Parts of the Stem:
1. Nodes – region on a stem where one or more leaves are
attached
2. Internode – the region on a stem that is in between two
nodes
3. Terminal Bud – located on the ends of branches or an axis
4. Auxillary Bud – located in the axil of a leaf (where the leaf
attaches to the shoot)
B. Internal Parts of the Stem:
1. Xylem – one component of the vascular system that
transports water
2. Phloem – another component of the vascular system that
transports manufacutured products
August 2008
VIII. Leaves
A. Parts of the leaf
1. Blade
2. Petiole
3. Stipule
4. Sheath
5. Ligule
6. Auricle
B. Leaf types
1. Simple leaf
2. Compound leaf
August 2008
VIII. Leaves (cont.)
C. Leaf Functions
1. Photosynthesis – process where the plant uses
sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make “food”
for growth and respiration
2. Respiration – process where plants convert sugar
to energy
August 2008
IX. The Parts of a Flower
A. Pistil ( Female)
1. Stigma
2. Style
3. Ovary
B. Stamen (Male)
1. Anther
2. Filament
August 2008
X. Terms and Definitions
Associated with Flowers
A. Complete Flower – flower that has four of the major
parts: sepals, petals, stamen, pistil
B. Incomplete Flower – flowers that lack one or more
parts of the complete flower
C. Perfect Flower – has both male and female parts
D. Imperfect Flower – missing one of the organs found
on a perfect flower
August 2008
XI. Sexual Reproduction
A. Definitions
1. Pollination – transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
2. Fertilization – union of plant egg and sperm
3. Self Pollination – process where pollen is transferred
from an anther to a stigma of the same flower or to
another flower of the same plant
4. Cross Pollination – process where pollen is
transferred from the anther of one flower to the stigma
of another flower on a different plant
August 2008
XI. Sexual Reproduction
(cont.)
B. Requirements for Sexual Reproduction
1. Formation of flower
2. Pollination
3. Fertilization
4. Development of the seed
5. Growth of seed into new plant
August 2008
XII. Germination
A. Stages in Seed Germination
1. Water imbibition
2. Enzyme activation
3. Hydrolysis and catabolism of storage compounds
4. Initiation of embryo growth
5. Anabolism and formation of new cell structures
6. Emergence of seedling
August 2008
XIII. Asexual Propagation
A. Asexual Reproduction- reproduction without seed
B. Occurs naturally in some plants through:
1. Stolons – above ground stems
2. Rhizomes – underground stems
C. Plants can be propagated asexually in horticulture through:
1. Cuttings
2. Budding
3. Grafting
4. Layering
August 2008