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Rome The Pre-Roman World Early Influences From the Greeks Agriculture Architecture Alphabet Literature From the Etruscans Army Clothing Streets Temples Public Buildings Geography and Rome Rome is located in the center of the Italian peninsula. This location helped the Romans expand in Italy and beyond. The Apennine Mountains run down the center of Italy but are not too rugged. Fertile plains supported a growing population. OwlTeacher.com Ancestors of the Romans settled along the Tiber River. These villages eventually grew into Rome. How was Greco-Roman civilization formed? The Romans borrowed heavily from Greek culture after they conquered Greece. At the same time, Roman generals carried achievements of Roman civilization to conquered lands. The blending of Roman, Hellenistic, and Greek traditions produced Greco-Roman civilization. Trade and travel during the Pax Romana helped spread this new civilization. OwlTeacher.com The Roman Republic: In 509 B.C., the Romans drove out the Etruscans and set up a new government, which they called a republic. In a republic, some officials are chosen by the people. In the early republic, the senate dominated the government. Its members were patricians, or members of the landholding class. Little by little, the plebeians, or common people, gained some political power. These included the right to elect their own officials, called tribunes. The tribunes could veto, or block, laws that they felt harmed plebeians. More than 2,000 years later, the framers of the United States Constitution would adapt Roman ideas of government, such as the OwlTeacher.com senate, the veto, and checks on political power. 3 Important Groups in the Roman Republic: The Senate The Assembly of the Centuries The Assembly of the Tribes OwlTeacher.com The Roman Senate The Senate was the most powerful group in the government. Composed of three hundred men Controlled public funds Controlled political appointments Determined foreign policy Sometimes acted as a court OwlTeacher.com The Assembly of the Centuries Divided its voters into voting units called centuries. Each century had 100 members There were 193 centuries in the Assembly OwlTeacher.com The Council of the Plebs Made up of citizens grouped into 35 tribes according to where they lived The group was controlled by the plebeians, or commoners. OwlTeacher.com Roman Republic Government Officials Legislative Bodies Praetors—controlled civil law as it Senate—select group of 300 applied to citizens and nonpatricians, serving for life, who citizens advised government officials Consuls—ran the government and Centuriate assembly—elected led Roman army into battle officials and passed laws, based on wealth Tribunes of the plebs—officials given the power to protect the plebians Council of the plebs—popular assembly for the plebians— eventually could pass laws for all Romans How the Roman Republic works Patricians and Plebeians Patricians – aristocrats of the early Roman Republic. The word patrician comes from the Latin word pater, which means father. This word was also used to describe the members of the Roman Senate. OwlTeacher.com Patricians came from wealthy families. They controlled the government, army, and state religion. OwlTeacher.com The Life of the Patricians Plebeians – the commoners in the early Roman Republic. Included freed slaves, peasant farmers, and dependents of patricians. Denied many rights. OwlTeacher.com The Life of the Plebeians For many years, plebeians were unable to vote, hold public office, or become priests. They were not allowed to marry outside their class. OwlTeacher.com The Government of Ancient Rome • In 451 B.C., government officials wrote down Rome’s laws onto the Twelve Tables which were hung in the forum for all citizens to see • The Twelve Tables were based on the idea that all citizens had a right to the These laws formed the basis of individual rights of Roman citizens. The laws dealt with: Legal procedures Property ownership Building codes Punishment for crimes And marriage customs OwlTeacher.com The Law of the Twelve Tables could be modified and expanded in two ways: 1. 2. New laws were passed when they were needed. Judges interpreted the old laws to fit new circumstances. OwlTeacher.com The concept that certain basic legal principles are common to all humans was first developed during Roman times! An example is the principle that people are innocent until proven guilty. OwlTeacher.com The Republic Expands (350 B.C.E. to 150 B.C.E) Romans secured peninsula because of military colonies and generous policy toward the people they conquered •Free from taxation •Govern their own internal affairs •Participate in trade •Take Roman spouses • Treated defeated enemies fairly • Gave rights to conquered people •Must provide military support and alliance • Skilled diplomacy • Loyal, well-trained army The Republic Expands Carthage was the dominant political power in north Africa (excluding Egypt), the southern part of the Iberian peninsula, and the western region of Sicily. Meanwhile, Hellenistic empires dominated the eastern Mediterranean, Macedon, Egypt, Syria, and Anatolia. The Hellenes (Greeks) had a thriving network of maritime commerce in the Mediterranean. The Republic Expands The Carthaginians controlled the north central coast of Africa and the western Mediterranean. One of their trade networks focused on the mineral wealth of Spain, especially its silver mines. Carthage developed ports and cities in Sicily and Sardinia to protect that route. The Republic Expands Between 264 and 146 B.C.E., Rome fought Carthage in three conflicts known as the Punic Wars. Competition for grain in the western Mediterranean (Sicily) (Romans burned Carthage to the ground and forced 50,000 survivors into slavery) Rome seized Carthaginian possessions in north Africa and Iberia (grain, oil, wine, silver, and gold used to finance imperial expansion) Roman Society: FAMILY WOMEN The family was the basic unit of Roman society. Women gained greater freedom and influence over the centuries. Male was head of household and had absolute authority. Some women ran businesses. Most worked at home, raising families. EDUCATION Both girls and boys learned to read and write. Education was highly valued . OwlTeacher.com RELIGION Gods and goddesses resembled those of Greeks and Etruscans. Religious festivals inspired sense of community. Romans built many temples for worship. After the Punic Wars, Rome conquered new territories in Northern Europe & gained great wealth One of the generals who led Rome’s expansion was a politician named Julius Caesar Problems for the Roman Republic Rome’s expansion brought wealth, but also created problems: The addition of new lands & sources of slave labor increased the gap between the rich & poor Generals who controlled the armies became more powerful than the politicians in the Senate Struggles for power led to a series of civil wars in Rome The Rise & Fall of Julius Caesar • Julius Caesar took advantage of the chaos in Rome & was named dictator in 46 B.C. • Julius Caesar was one of the greatest statesmen and military leaders that the world has ever known. • His brilliant leadership resulted in many reforms and helped make Rome the center of a region that extended across Europe. Caesar’s Accomplishments Governed the empire Improved the calendar system Tried to reconcile opponents by appointing them to office Set up colonies (such as Corinth and Carthage) where poor people in Rome could go to improve their way of living OwlTeacher.com Stopped dishonest government practices Granted Roman citizenship to many of the conquered people Planned a way to reorganize city government in Italy Replaced dishonest governors with honest ones Gave free gain only to the people who really needed it OwlTeacher.com Planned the founding of public libraries Planned construction of a canal across Isthmus of Corinth Known as a great writer and orator OwlTeacher.com Julius Caesar was able to accomplish many things, but he also made enemies of some important Roman leaders. In 44 B.C. Caesar was murdered on the steps of the Senate by a group of Roman aristocrats who feared his power. OwlTeacher.com This marked the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire ruled by emperors. OwlTeacher.com End of the Republic & Rise of the Empire Caesar’s death changed Rome: People no longer trusted the Senate to rule Rome & the Roman Republic came to an end & the empire began Caesar Augustus In his will, Julius Caesar named his grandnephew, Octavian (better known as Caesar Augustus) as heir to rule Rome. OwlTeacher.com However, when Caesar died, there was a scramble to gain control of the government. The Second Triumvirate was formed in 43 B.C. with Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus. OwlTeacher.com Photos courtesy of HBO productions Octavian eventually gained sole power, just like Julius Caesar wanted. When Lepidus retired, Octavian’s only rival was Marc Antony. He was given the title Augustus, which means “exalted one” in 27 B.C. From that time on, he was known as Caesar Augustus. OwlTeacher.com Photo courtesy of HBO productions OwlTeacher.com Marc Antony led the Roman army in Egypt, where he met and fell in love with Cleopatra. Antony and Cleopatra hoped to oust Octavian and rule together, but Octavian used the relationship between Antony and the unpopular Cleopatra to his advantage. He told the Roman people that Cleopatra had cast a spell on Antony. Octavian argued that Antony was willing to give away the Roman world to a foreign woman. The Roman people supported Octavian when he declared war on Antony and Cleopatra. OwlTeacher.com Octavian’s forces defeated Antony and Cleopatra’s ships in the Battle of Actium on the Mediterranean Sea in 31bc. Antony and Cleopatra managed to escape the encounter and returned to Egypt, but when Octavian’s army approached, Marc Antony committed suicide. When Cleopatra learned of Antony’s death, she realized she would soon no longer be Queen. According to legend, Cleopatra wrapped an asp around her arm. The asp was a venomous snake that was the symbol for the Egyptian royalty. The asp’s bite supposedly ended Cleopatra’s life. OwlTeacher.com Augustus’ reforms: Created efficient civil service to enforce the laws. Opened up high-level jobs to men of talent, regardless of race. Allowed cities and provinces to govern themselves. Ordered a census, or population count, in order to make the tax system more fair. Set up a postal service and issued new coins. Employed the jobless. OwlTeacher.com From Republic to Empire: Civil wars Julius Caesar forces the Roman senate to make him dictator. Caesar institutes reforms to try to solve Rome’s many problems. Caesar is killed by enemies who feared that he planned to make himself king of Rome. More civil wars break out. Octavian defeats Mark Antony in a struggle for power. The Roman senate gives Octavian the title of Augustus, or Exalted One, and declares him first citizen. The 500-year republic comes to an end. The age of the Roman empire begins. OwlTeacher.com Roman Empire and Roman Peace Augustus laid the foundation for a stable government that would function well for 200 years. This period was called the Pax Romana. OwlTeacher.com Pax Romana Pax Romana – the Roman peace, was the period from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180. The period of peace was brought about by the ability of the Romans to rule others and maintain their authority through an efficient government both at home and abroad. The Roman law, military organization, trade, and transportation helped to hold the empire together. OwlTeacher.com Government was the strongest tie holding the peace. The Roman army also helped to maintain the Roman peace. Auxiliaries – troops from the provinces that assisted the Roman army. They were promised Roman citizenship at the end of their service. OwlTeacher.com Trade Routes Roman Advances in Literature, History, and Philosophy: History Historians wrote about the rise and fall of Roman power. Poetry Philosophy Writers imitated Greek styles in prose and poetry. Roman philosophers borrowed heavily from the Greeks. Virgil praised Rome’s heroic past in the Aeneid. Stoics emphasized acceptance of one’s fate and concern for the well-being of others. Poets used verse to satirize, or make fun of, Roman society. OwlTeacher.com Roman Advances in Art and Science: Technology Built roads, bridges, and harbors throughout empire (concrete) Built many aqueducts Art Sculptors stressed realism. Artists depicted life scenes in frescoes and mosaics. OwlTeacher.com Science Romans left scientific research to the Greeks. Ptolemy proposed that Earth was the center of the universe. Galen used experiments to prove a conclusion. Architecture Emphasized grandeur Improved column and arch Developed rounded dome Gifts From Ancient Rome Rome has made many contributions to our own society. The capital letters of our alphabet were given their final form by the Romans. Roman numerals The names of the months on our calendar also came from Rome. In many areas conquered by Rome, the Latin language became part of the native language. OwlTeacher.com Roman Law: During the Roman empire, these principles of law fostered unity and stability: An accused person was presumed to be innocent until proven guilty. The accused was permitted to face the accuser and offer a defense. Guilt had to be established through evidence. Judges were expected to interpret the laws and make fair decisions. Centuries later, these principles would become the basis for legal systems in Europe and the Americas. OwlTeacher.com Roman Religion The religion of Rome was centered around trying to please the gods. Polytheism – the worship of many gods. Each god was linked to a particular human activity. Every activity honoring the gods had to be carried out in the appropriate space. Each god has an assigned space. OwlTeacher.com The Culture of Ancient Rome Roman religion was polytheistic & based on the Greek gods (usually only the names changed) The Teachings of Jesus Some of Jesus’ teachings were rooted in Judaism: Belief in one God Ten Commandments Mercy and sympathy for the poor and helpless Obedience to the laws of Moses Jesus also preached new beliefs: 1) 2) 3) Called himself the Son of God Proclaimed that he brought salvation and eternal life to anyone who would believe in him Jesus also emphasized God’s love and taught the need for justice, morality, and service to others. OwlTeacher.com Spread of Christianity At first, the apostles and disciples preached only in Judea. Disciples began to preach in Jewish communities throughout the Roman world. Jews who accepted the beliefs of Jesus became the first Christians. Paul spread Christianity beyond the Jewish communities, to non-Jews. OwlTeacher.com OwlTeacher.com The Early Christian Church Early Christian communities shared a common faith and a common way of worship. A bishop was responsible for all Christians in a particular area called a diocese. Gradually, some bishops became patriarchs, with authority over other bishops in their area. The Christian Church thus developed a hierarchy. OwlTeacher.com Religious Diversity in the Early Empire As long as people honored Roman gods and acknowledged the divine spirit of the emperor, they were allowed to worship other gods as they pleased. After the Romans conquered Judea, they excused the monotheistic Jews from worshiping the Roman gods. Rome mistrusted Christians because they refused to make sacrifices to the emperor or honor the Roman gods. Roman officials persecuted the Christians. Many Christians became martyers, people who suffer or die for their beliefs. OwlTeacher.com The Empire in Crisis With the end of the Pax Romana, political and economic turmoil rocked the Roman empire. Political Problems Emperors were repeatedly overthrown or assassinated. In one 50-year period, 26 emperors ruled, and only one died of natural causes. OwlTeacher.com Economic & Social Problems High taxes to support the army burdened business people and farmers. Poor farmers were forced to work and live on wealthy estates. Over cultivated farmland lost its productivity. Two Reformers Diocletian Divided the empire into 2 parts each with 2 rulers to make it easier to govern Tried to increase the prestige of the emperor Fixed prices to slow inflation, or the rapid rise of prices Established laws to ensure steady production of food and goods OwlTeacher.com Constantine Continued Diocletian’s reforms Granted toleration to Christians, which led to the rapid growth of Christianity (Edict of Milan) Under Theodosius the Great, Rome adopted Christianity as its official religion. Built a new capital at Constantinople, making the eastern part of the empire the center of power Foreign Invasions A weakened Rome could not withstand the forces of Germanic invasions. The Huns dislodged other Germanic peoples and, little by little, conquered the Roman empire. OwlTeacher.com OwlTeacher.com OwlTeacher.com A Bit of Perspective