Download Solution - İngilizce

English I
EOC Grammar Review
Fall 2001
Take notes…this will be on your
final exam!
Capitalization
Names of most historical
events, eras, calendar
terms, and religious terms
Titles of literary works
and publications, works of
art, and musical
compositions
Civil War; Great
Depression; Age of
Reason; Tuesday;
March; Thanksgiving
Day; Allah; Mormon;
Hinduism; Christmas;
Talmud
Beloved; Seventeen; The
Thinker; American
Gothic; Schindler’s
List; “Kiss from a
Rose”
Capitalization
Capitalize proper nouns
specific names of school
courses
Capitalize proper adjectives
(adjectives formed by proper
nouns).
Philosophy II
Central American
governments;
Elizabethan collar;
Indian spices; Jewish
synagogue
Capitalization
Geographical terms and
regions or localities
Kenya; Tennessee; Lake
Champlain; Fifth
Avenue; Far East
Names of planets and
other heavenly bodies
Venus; Andromeda;
Sirius; Io; Crab Nebula
Names of ships, planes,
trains, and spacecraft
HMS Queen Elizabeth II;
the Spruce Goose;
Twentieth Century
Limited; Challenger
Colon
To introduce a list
(especially after a
statement that uses such
words as these, the
following, or as follows)
and to introduce material
that explains, illustrates,
or restates preceding
material
Noted American aviators
include these: Wiley
Post, Charles
Lindbergh, and Amelia
Earhart.
Nathan must be feeling
better: he asked to
borrow my tennis
racket.
Hint: You must have a complete sentence
before a colon.
Colon
To introduce a long or
formal quotation
In statements of precise
time, in biblical chapter
and verse references,
and after business-letter
salutations
Winston Churchill said
this about public
speaking: “If you have
an important point to
make, don’t try to be
subtle or clever. Use a
pile driver. . . .”
2:34
A.M.
2 Kings 11:12
Dear Mr. Fleming:
Ladies and
Gentlemen:
Semicolon
To separate main clauses
that are not joined by a
coordinating conjunction
Hawaii’s climate is
mild all year round;
many travelers choose
to visit the islands
in summer.
To separate main clauses
joined by a conjunctive
adverb or by an
expression such as for
example or that is
Hawaiian muumuus and
aloha shirts are often
colorful; that is, they
are brightly patterned.
Semicolon
To separate the items in a
series when these items
contain commas
To separate two main
clauses joined by a
coordinating conjunction
when such clauses
already contain several
commas
Hawaiian words familiar
to many mainlanders
include luau, which
means “feast”; aloha,
which can mean “love,”
“welcome,” or
“farewell”; and hula,
which means “dance.”
Travel ads often focus
on Oahu’s attractions,
such as Waikiki Beach,
Pearl Harbor, and
Diamond Head; but the
state has many other
interesting sites.
Comma
Between the main
clauses of a compound
To separate three or more
words, phrases, or
clauses in a series
I recognize her, but
I can’t think of her
name.
Ayala is a member of
the Debaters’ Club,
the Glee Club, and
the swimming team.
Comma
Between coordinate
modifiers
To set off interjections,
parenthetical
expressions, and
conjunctive adverbs
She is a smart,
athletic student.
Max is, in fact, a
sports fanatic.
Comma
To set off long
introductory prepositional
phrases (you must have
more than one)
To set off introductory
phrases
After several days of
constant exposure to
the sun, your skin
will be dry and
leathery.
Although Petra can
read English well,
her spoken English is
not very fluent.
Comma
To set off nonessential
words, clauses, and
phrases
Those orange and
black birds, unless I
am mistaken, are
Baltimore orioles.
The prize winners,
beaming, rushed to
the stage.
Hint: If you can take out a phrase or clause,
and it remains a complete sentence and
doesn’t change the meaning of the
sentence, you will need a pair of commas.
Comma
To set off an introductory
Phrase
To speak frankly, I
don’t care for that
design.
To set off quotations in
dialogue
“Yesterday,”
announced Kayla, “I
won the debate.”
Remember: Do not use a comma with only one
introductory prepositional phrase.
Comma
To separate the various
parts of an address, a
geographical term, or a
date
After the salutation of an
informal letter and after
the closing of all letters
St. Louis, Missouri
Saturday, July 4
December 7, 1941
Cambridge, MA 02138
Dear Mom and Dad,
Sincerely,
Comma
To set off parts of a
reference that direct the
reader to the exact source
To set off words or names
used in direct address
and in tag questions
This rule is found in
The Chicago Manual of
Style, chapter 10,
paragraph 83.
Keon, could you tutor
me in algebra?
You’ve never had
chicken pox, have
you?
Quotation Marks
To enclose a direct
quotation, as follows:
When a quotation is
interrupted, use two sets
of quotation marks.
Speaking of another
writer’s novel, Gore
Vidal remarked, “This
is not at all bad,
except as prose.”
“All the really good
ideas I ever had,”
said artist Grant
Wood, “came to me
while I was milking a
cow.”
Quotation Marks
To enclose a direct
quotation, as follows:
– Use single quotation
marks around a quotation
within a quotation.
– In writing dialogue, begin
a new paragraph and use
a new set of quotation
marks every time the
speaker changes.
Joe Namath, the
legendary quarterback,
said, “Till I was 13,
I thought my name was
‘Shut Up.’”
“Dad, may I borrow
five dollars?” I asked.
“What for?” Dad
replied.
“Um, actually, it’s
for your Father’s Day
present,” I answered
sheepishly.
Quotation Marks
To enclose titles of short
works, such as stories,
poems, essays, articles,
chapters, and songs
To enclose unfamiliar
slang terms and unusual
expressions
“Barometer Soup” is a
song on that Jimmy
Buffett CD.
What does the slang
word “dis” mean?
Tom Wolfe coined the
expression “radical
chic.”
Italics
For titles of books, lengthy
poems, plays, films,
television series, paintings
and sculptures, long
musical compositions,
court cases, names of
newspapers and
magazines, ships, trains,
airplanes, and spacecraft.
Italicize and capitalize
articles (a, an, the) at the
beginning of a title only
when they are part of the
title.
Italics work the same way
as underlining words.
Beowulf [long poem]
Biography [television
series]
The Potato Eaters
[painting]
Appalachian Spring
[long musical
composition]
Ebony [magazine]
Eagle [spacecraft]
Spirit of St. Louis
[airplane]
The Old Man and the Sea
[book]
the Boston Globe
[newspaper]
Apostrophe
to create a possessive
form, as follows:
– Add an apostrophe and -s
to all singular indefinite
pronouns, singular nouns,
plural nouns not ending in
-s, and compound nouns.
Add only an apostrophe
to a plural noun that ends
in -s.
nobody’s fault
New Mexico’s climate
children’s welfare
mass’s density
baby-sitter’s duties
seat belt’s buckle
flowers’ petals
Wongs’ party
Apostrophe
To create a possessive
form, as follows:
– If two or more entities
possess something jointly,
use the possessive form
for the last entity named.
If they possess it
individually, use the
possessive form for each
entity’s name.
Aunt Ellie and Uncle
Ed’s house
Microsoft’s and Apple’s
operating systems
Apostrophe
To express amounts of
money or time that modify
a noun
In place of omitted letters
or numerals
a twelve dollars’
savings; a two weeks’
delay [You can use a
hyphenated adjective
instead: a two-week
delay.]
can’t [cannot]
the crash of ’29
Use a contraction only with it+is=it’s (not the
possessive its.
Numbers and Numerals
In general, spell out cardinal
and ordinal numbers that can
be written in one or two words.
I am one of twentynine students in Ms.
Chung’s algebra class.
For the hundredth
time, please turn the
radio off.
Numbers and Numerals
Spell out any number that
occurs at the beginning of a
sentence.
Six thousand five
hundred tickets were
sold for the festival
on Saturday.
Voice
The voice of a verb shows whether the
subject performs the action or receives the
action of a verb.
A verb is in the active voice when the
subject of the sentence performs the
action. (Robert Burns wrote this poem.)
A verb is in the passive voice when the
action is performed on the subject. (This
poem was written by Robert Burns.)
Passive voice is incorrect!!!
Accept/Except
Accept is a verb meaning “to
receive” or “to agree to.”
Except is occasionally used
as a verb, but more often it is
used as a preposition
meaning “but.”
Please accept my
apologies.
All of the officers,
except one, attended
the meeting.
Affect/Effect
Affect is a verb meaning “to
cause a change in; to
influence.” Effect may be a
noun or a verb. As a noun it
means “result.” As a verb it
means “to bring about or
accomplish.”
Exercise will affect
your fitness level.
Exercise will have a
beneficial effect on
your fitness level.
Exercise will effect
an improvement in your
fitness level.
All ready/Already
All ready is an adjective
phrase that means
“completely ready.” Already is
an adverb that means “before”
or “by this time.”
The climbers were all
ready for their final
ascent, but the storm
was already upon them.
All right/Alright
The expression all right
should be written as two
words.
Were the children all
right after their
frightening experience?
All together/Altogether
Use all together to mean “in
a group.” Use the adverb
altogether to mean
“completely” or “on the whole.”
The scholarship winners
stood all together on
the stage.
They seemed altogether
thrilled with their
awards.
Amount/Number
Use amount to refer to things
that cannot be counted. Use
number to refer to things that
can be counted.
This recipe calls for a
large amount of pepper.
This recipe calls for a
large number of eggs.
Beside/Besides
Beside means “at the side of.”
Besides usually means “in
addition to.”
The prime minister sat
beside the president on
the plane.
Besides playing hockey,
the boys compete on the
track team.
Between/Among
Use between to compare one
person or thing with one other
person or thing or with an
entire group. Use among to
show a relationship in which
more than two persons or
things are considered as a
group.
When the twins dress
alike, I can’t see any
difference between
them.
There is quite a
difference between
Monet’s painting and
the others in the
exhibit.
The members will settle
the issue among
themselves.
Can’t hardly/Can’t scarcely
These terms are considered
double negatives because
hardly and scarcely by
themselves have a negative
meaning. Therefore, avoid
using hardly and scarcely
with not or -n’t.
Our entire class can
hardly fit into the
new classroom.
Without my glasses, I
can scarcely see the
movie screen.
Could of, Might of, Must of,
Should of, Would of
After the words could, might,
must, should, or would, use
the helping verb have, not the
preposition of.
I don’t know what could
have gone wrong with
that dishwasher.
We must have looked
pretty silly covered
with all those
soapsuds!
Fewer/Less
Use fewer when referring to
nouns that can be counted.
Use less when referring to
nouns that cannot be counted.
Less may also be used with
figures that are seen as single
amounts or single quantities.
There were fewer
snowstorms this winter
than last.
Could we have a bit
less noise, please?
I paid less than $10.00
for these jeans. [The
amount of money is
treated as a single
sum, not as individual
dollars.]
Good/Well
Use good as an adjective.
Well may be used as an
adverb of manner telling how
ably or adequately something
is done. Well also may be
used as an adjective meaning
“in good health”.
Your hair looks good
that way. [adjective
after a linking verb]
Josie did well on her
final exam. [adverb of
manner]
Grandpa says he doesn’t
feel well enough to
travel. [adjective
meaning “in good
health”]
Lay/Lie
Lay means “to put” or “to
place”; it takes a direct object.
Lie means “to recline” or “to
be positioned”; it never takes
an object.
Lay your towel under
that beach umbrella.
The dog likes to lie on
the sunny deck.
Raise/Rise
The verb raise means “to
cause to move upward”; it
always takes an object. The
verb rise means “to go up”; it
is intransitive and does not
take an object.
I always raise the
shades immediately
after I wake up.
The price of swimsuits
will rise just before
summer begins.
Sit/Set
Sit means “to place oneself in
a sitting position.” It rarely
takes an object. Set means
“to place” or “to put,” and it
usually takes an object. When
set is used to mean “the sun
is going down,” it does not
take an object.
Please sit in that
chair.
Please set down that
remote control.
What time will the sun
set tonight?
Than/Then
Than is a conjunction. Use it
in comparisons or to show
exception. The adverb then
usually refers to time and can
mean “at that time,” “soon
afterward,” “the time
mentioned,” “at another time,”
“for that reason,” or “in that
case.”
I know that Rachel is a
better swimmer than I
am.
I would rather be
anywhere else than here.
My parents didn’t even
know one another then.
I went home and then
stopped by Dad’s office.
I had almost finished my
errands by then.
If you can solve the
puzzle, then please
speak up.
Who/Whom
Use the nominative pronoun
who for subjects.
Who caught that line
drive? [subject of the
verb]
Did he mention who won
first prize? [subject
of the noun clause who
won first prize]
Who did you say will be
working at the
refreshment stand?
[subject of the verb
will be working]
Who/Whom
Use the objective pronoun
whom for the direct or indirect
object of a verb or verbal or
for the object of a preposition.
Whom are you choosing
as a partner? [direct
object of the verb are
choosing]
Whom did you hear Geoff
tutored in math?
[direct object of the
verb tutored]
Naomi told whom my
secret? [indirect
object]
From whom did you
borrow this book?
[object of the
preposition from]
Sentence Fragment
Solution A: Combine the fragment with another sentence. Add
a comma to set off nonessential clauses.
Tim scored the goal, although he was injured in
the attempt.
My term paper is about Robert Frost, who is my
favorite poet.
Run-on Sentence
Solution A: Replace the comma with an end mark of
punctuation, such as a period or a question mark,
and begin the new sentence with a capital letter.
We went canoeing last weekend. My shoulders
still ache.
Run-on Sentence
Solution C: Add a coordinating conjunction after the comma.
We went canoeing last weekend, and my shoulders
still ache.
Run-on Sentence
Solution A: Separate the main clauses with an end mark of
punctuation, such as a period or a question mark,
and begin the new sentence with a capital letter.
The museum has a new exhibit of modern art. We
haven’t seen it yet.
Run-on Sentence
Solution B: Separate the main clauses with a semicolon.
The museum has a new exhibit of modern art; we
haven’t seen it yet.
Run-on Sentence
Solution: Add a comma before the coordinating conjunction to
separate the two main clauses.
We washed cars all day, and then we went out for
Chinese food.
Rule of thumb: It often helps to have someone else
read your writing to see if it is clear. Since you know
what the sentences are supposed to mean, you
might sometimes
missbutton
the
need
punctuation.
Press the mouse
or Space
Bar tofor
see an
example.
Lack of Subject Verb
Agreement
Solution: Ignore a prepositional phrase that comes between a
subject and a verb. Make the verb agree with the
subject, which is never the object of a preposition.
The bus with the band members leaves at noon.
The peaks of the mountain range glisten with
snow.
Lack of Subject Verb
Agreement
Solution: In an inverted sentence, look for the subject after the
verb. Then make sure the verb agrees with the subject.
Outside the mall stand six men.
Over there are several more.
Rule of thumb: Reversing the order of an inverted
the mouse button or Space Bar to see examples.
sentence mayPress
help
you decide on the correct verb
form: “Several more are over there.”
Lack of Subject Verb
Agreement
Solution A: If the collective noun refers to a group as a whole,
use a singular verb.
The committee meets at 3:30 every Wednesday
afternoon.
Lack of Subject Verb
Agreement
Solution: Make the verb agree with the subject that is closer to it.
Neither the dictionaries nor the thesaurus is
on the shelves.
Neither the thesaurus nor the dictionaries are
on the shelves.
Lack of Subject Verb
Agreement
Solution: Use a singular verb when a, each, or every precedes a
compound subject.
Every student and teacher has passed through
these halls.
Lack of Subject Verb
Agreement
Solution: Certain expressions, such as as well as, in addition to,
and together with, do not change the number of the
subject. Ignore these expressions between a subject
and its verb. Make the verb agree with the subject.
My mother, as well as her brothers, was born
in Sweden.
Lack of Subject Verb
Agreement
Solution: Determine whether the indefinite pronoun is singular or
plural, and make the verb agree. Some indefinite
pronouns are singular–another, anyone, everyone, one,
each, either, neither, anything, everything, something,
and somebody. Some are plural–both, many, few,
several, and others. Some can be singular or plural–
some, all, any, more, most, and none–depending on the
noun to which they refer.
Everyone enjoys mysteries.
None of the top-seeded players are in the
finals.
Lack of Pronoun-Antecedent
Agreement
Solution: Another, any, every, each, one, either, neither,
anything, everything, something, and somebody are
singular and therefore require singular personal
pronouns, even when followed by a prepositional
phrase that contains a plural noun.
Neither of the girls remembered to bring her
gym clothes.
Rule of thumb:
To help you remember that
Press the mouse button or Space Bar to see an example.
pronouns such as each, either, and neither are
singular, think each one, either one, and neither one.
Shift in Verb Tense
Solution: When two or more events occur at the same time, be
sure to use the same verb tense to describe each event.
The astronomers focus on the comet and
compare observations.
Justine glided onto the ice as the audience
burst into applause.
Shift in Verb Tense
Solution: When two events have occurred at different times in the
past, shift from the past tense to the past perfect tense to
indicate that one action began and ended before another
past action began.
By the time help arrived, we had been
stranded on the ledge for hours.
Rule of thumb: When you need to use more than
one verb tense in a sentence, it may help to first jot
down the sequence of events you’re writing about.
Press the
mouse button
or Space
Bar to see happened
an example.
Be clear in your
mind
which
action
first.
Incorrect Verb Tense or Form
Solution: Add -ed to a regular verb to form the past tense and the
past participle.
Last year my sister worked on a ranch for
the summer.
Has she decided what she would like to do
this year?
Misplaced or Dangling
Modifier
Solution: Modifiers that modify the wrong word or seem to
modify more than one word in a sentence are called
misplaced modifiers. Move the misplaced phrase as
close as possible to the word or words it modifies.
In her new outfit, Jenita got many compliments
from her friends.
We found the dazed and terrified raccoon by the
side of the road.
The birdwatchers who had binoculars spotted a
yellow wagtail.
Missing or Misplaced
Possessive Apostrophe
Solution: Use an apostrophe and -s to form the possessive of a
singular noun, even one that ends in -s.
The duchess’s jewels were stolen by that
airline’s luggage handler.
Missing Commas in a Series
Missing Commas with
Nonessential Elements
Solution: Set off the interjection or parenthetical expression
with commas.
Gee, that was a beautiful ceremony.
Your brother, by the way, has been waiting for
you for an hour.
Missing Commas with
Nonessential Elements
Solution: Determine whether the clause is essential to the
meaning of the sentence. If it is not essential, set off the
clause with commas.
Oklahoma, which is rich in oil, suffered a bad
drought in the 1930s.
ie and ei
Many writers find the rules for certain combinations
of letters, like ie and ei, difficult to remember. One
helpful learning strategy is to develop a rhyme to
remember a rule. Look at the following rhyme for the
ie and ei rule.
Forming plurals
Forming plurals
Difficult Subjects
Remember that you will never, never, never
find the subject of a sentence in a
prepositional phrase.
Example: Each of the boys and girls gives money to charity.
What is the subject?
Answer: each
Non-words
These are NOT words:
hisself
theirself
theirselves
themself
The correct words are themselves and himself.
Parallelism
Three items listed must all be the same part
of speech, the same type of phrase, or the
same type of clause.
Incorrect: I like to run, to play, and singing.
Correct: I like to run, to play and to sing.
The End
Good Luck…I’m sure you will all
be fine!!!