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Ancient Rome Rome Similarities to other ancient civilizations? What made it unique? Pros and cons of republic vs. empire? Where do we see traces of it in modern West? Rome The Origins of Rome (ca. 800-500 BC) In Latium On Tiber River Originally ruled by kings Legendary founders: Romulus and Remus Rome She-wolf (ca. 500 BC), Capitoline Museum, Rome Rome The Roman Republic (ca. 500-27 BC) Established after overthrow of kings Republic (res publica) Goal: limit arbitrary authority of one person Government authority to be shared equally among Roman aristocrats Rome Republican Government Consuls The Senate Supervised foreign affairs, treasury Lifelong terms Dictator The Senate Executive authority Term: 1 year Wielded supreme executive authority during emergencies Term: 6 months Rome Roman Expansion Formidable army (“iron legions”) By 133 BC Italy and Greek East conquered Built roads Established colonies Rome The Punic Wars (264-146 BC) Mediterranean powers: Rome, Carthage Carthaginian Empire was great naval power Roman and Carthaginian animosity three wars End result: destruction of Carthage Rome First Punic War (264-241 BC) Over Sicily Rome built a fleet Rome was ultimate victor, due to trouble in Carthaginian government Outcome Carthage no longer maritime superpower Rome gained Sicily, more later Rome Second Punic War (218-201 BC) Carthage expanded empire in Spain war! Hannibal invaded Italy (218 BC) via Alps, advanced to south Rome conquered Spain (206 BC), won in Africa (202 BC) Outcome: Carthage lost empire outside Africa Rome Corvus Rome Questions? Rome Crisis in the Republic Power struggles, disregard for republican ideals 100+ years of warfare Slave War in Italy (73-71 BC) 70,000 + slaves revolted, led by Spartacus Defeated 4 legions Ultimately crushed 6,000 slaves crucified The Roman Republic Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) Roman general, politician Extremely ambitious! Growing power threat to Senate, politicians Caesar invaded Italy (50 BC), gained control Hunted enemies down in Greece, Africa Rome The Fall of Caesar Returned to Rome in triumph more power! Senate granted Caesar title “dictator for life” (Feb., 44 BC) Assassinated by 60 senators (March 15, 44 BC) Civil war! Rome Cleopatra VII (r. 51-30 BC) Hellenistic queen of Egypt Wore “two faces” Encounters with Romans Met Julius Caesar lovers She and Antony lovers, allies Rome Rome Civil War: Antony and Cleopatra vs. Octavian Octavian victorious at Battle of Actium, Greece (September, 31 BC) Antony, Cleopatra committed suicide Octavian now master of Roman world Battle of Actium Rome Questions? Rome Augustus Caesar (r. 29 BC – AD 14) Called “Augustus” Task: tactfully rebuild Rome First Roman emperor Ruled as constitutional monarch Rome Augustan Reforms Centralized administration Efficient government for provinces Crusade against immorality Encouraged marriage childbearing Discouraged promiscuity, adultery Religion Restored neglected cults, priesthoods Repaired temples Rome Remains of Temple of Julius Caesar, Roman Forum Rome The Pax Romana and Culture Pax romana: period of internal peace, stability, culture, prosperity “Golden Age” of Latin Literature Augustus was a patron of the arts Virgil’s Aeneid Ovid’s Art of Love banishment! Rome Pont du Gard (1st cent. AD), Nîmes, France Rome Garden Room, Villa Livia (Late 1st cent. BC) Rome Augustus Caesar “I found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble!” No heirs Rule stepson Tiberius Rome Rome Colosseum (AD 80) Largest amphitheater in Roman world 50,000+ spectators Beneath: waiting rooms, cages for beasts, equipment Mock naval battles! Main entertainment: gladiators Rome Rome 1989-1996 Rome Roman Empire (2nd cent. AD) Rome Third-Century Anarchy (235-285) Assassinations, civil wars many emperors Continued frontier war empire stretched too thin Other disasters Capture of Valerian (r. 253-260) by Persians Rome Diocletian (r. 284-305) Ended crisis Reforms: tetrarchy, increased size of military Emperor now absolute monarch, lord Reforms 200 more years for Roman Empire Rome Questions? Rome Similarities to other ancient civilizations? What made it unique? Pros and cons of republic vs. empire? Where do we see traces of it in modern West? Primary Source Augustus’s Acts of the Divine Augustus What kind of a source? When was it written, and where did it end up? What did Augustus recount about his career as it related to money, religion, domestic affairs, international relations, etc.? What titles did he receive? How did he present himself in relation to the Senate? What view of Augustus comes through here? Primary Source Decree Issued by Emperor Augustus (4 BC) What kind of source? What was the situation? How might we interpret Augustus’s relationship with the Senate based on this document? Primary Source Horace’s Ode to Augustus Who was Horace? What kind of source? What view of Augustus comes through here? Primary Source Suetonius’s Life of Augustus Who was Suetonius? What kind of source? According to this source, how might we describe the relationship between Augustus and the Senate and people? What title did Augustus receive here? What view of Augustus comes through here? Primary Source Inscription from the City of Narbonne (AD 11) What kind of source? What is Augustus called here? What does this reveal about perceptions of Augustus? Primary Source Tacitus’s Annals Who was Tacitus? What kind of source? How view of Augustus comes through here? How does this contrast with the other sources? Primary Source Dio Cassius’s Roman History Who was Dio Cassius? What kind of source? What view of Augustus (and subsequent emperors) comes through here? How does this contrast with the other sources? Primary Source Augustus of Primaporta (ca. 20 BC) Primary Source