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A Man’s Sexual Identity and Sexuality Over Time: The Goals of Sex Therapy and Medical Management. Dorota Niedziela M.A. Clinical Sexologist The West Island Sexual Dysfunction Clinic Sexuality is a complex interaction of biology, culture, developmental, and current intra and interpersonal psychology. Sociocultural factors Organic factors Relationship factors Corporal factors Sexual Identity Behavioral factors Psychological factors Cognitive factors SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS Social environment (standards) is shaping and reinforcing male sexual expression. Contemporary masculinity is rooted in a “performance script” that all to often males are not even in touch with a language of vulnerability that would enable them to seek early treatment for erectile dysfunction. Traditional competitive masculine culture norms render many men incapable of admitting any weaknesses. Many of males are postponing treatment seeking for a year or more. No matter how dysfunctional it may seem, these norms for many men are essence of an evolving process of masculine gender identity formation, the questioning of which carries many inherent psychological risks—not the least of which is admission of any weaknesses or inadequacy whatsoever— because of fears that such an admission might be interpreted by others as a sign of failure. COGNITIVE and PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS The inability to connect with women sexually as well as the knowledge that they had lost their sexual capabilities in getting and/or maintaining the erection led men to feel as if they had lost their manhood. In other words, the feelings that one might not be able to “pull it off”, led men not only to doubt their sexual ability, but also provoked questions about their masculinity. Both the fear of embarrassment and the changes in the ways in which men imagined their interactions with a partner led them to question their own identity as a man in the same ways in which they had defined themselves prior to having erectile problems. Sexuality is seem here as a substantial part of what defines an individual as a “man” and men who lost sexual function are finding themselves challenged to redefine themselves in our society. COGNITIVE and PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS Even sexual fantasies are affected by they erectile dysfunction. The men became nostalgic when they described how they once enjoyed thinking about sex, now a lost pastime. They no longer enjoyed sexual feelings in response to seeing an attractive woman. A profound sense of loss associated with a loss of a fantasy life in which they were able to imagine themselves as potential sexual partner is identified with an individual suffering from ED. They no longer gain pleasure in fantasizing about a sexual encounter. Any sexual experience is view as a source of stress and anxiety and depressive symptoms are well documented in scientific literature. Despite the loss of erection, sexuality remained part of their lives, and the ways in which men thought about themselves as sexual beings required redefinition and reinforcement of they masculine identity and sexuality. COGNITIVE and PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS Exact information about: Sexuality: four phase model of sexual response, anatomy, physiology, etc…… By age forty, 90 % of males experience at least one erectile failure. This is a normal occurrence, not a sign of ED. In a 45-minute pleasuring session, erections will wax and wane 2 to 5 times. Subsequent erections, coitus, and orgasm are quite satisfying. Sexual myths and believes may influence sexual behavior in negative way: “male machine, ready to have intercourse at any time, with any woman, in any situation”…….. Attitudes, self-thoughts and fantasies affect arousal. The key is “sex and pleasure” not “sex and performance”. BEHAVIORAL and RELATIONSHIP FACTORS Physical intimacy with a wife or a partner is no longer a comfortable and familiar experience. Men feel apprehensive about intimate contact, fearing that it might lead to an awkward and embarrassing performance. Diminished confidence and ability to perform sexually is pushing males in avoiding a sexual intimacy and finding ways to retreat from the interaction before the possibility of a sexual encounter is raised. Men also described changes in the ways in which they related to women outside of their intimate relationships. They are more aware of the absence of erection, the element of sexuality that had once characterized many of their interaction with women. Now they experienced social interaction in a new way, defining themselves and those interactions as nonsexual. They non longer actively pursuing sexual relationships in every encounter with a woman. BEHAVIORAL and RELATIONSHIP FACTORS A detailed sex history of current and past sexual behavior assist in understanding and identifying the “immediate cause”; the actual behavior and/or cognition causing or contributing to the sexual disorder: Erotic experiences carried out by the couple/individual in the privacy of their own homes. PDE-5s require stimulation for the men to respond sexually: there are many divergent sexual scripts and a variety of unconventional patterns of sexual arousal (homosexuality, fetishism, passivity, etc.). Couple sexual dynamic: a woman may function as the couple’s “gatekeeper”. She may require the partner to respond to explicit initiations through different signs of sexual receptivity. However, they both expect that she will decline some initiation: encourage sexuality or limit the process of affection (she needs to feel both affirmed and in control). BEHAVIORAL and RELATIONSHIP FACTORS Yet, if he is only willing and able to initiate once dosed, then sildenafil or vardenafil is a poorer choice. For this relationship, multiple initiations are required, and predosing with longer acting tadalafil is a much better choice. If the previous sex script was weekend sex, then a Friday night dose may be sufficient. Evaluation of the level of partner cooperation and support: the sexual dysfunction is “a couple problem” not just the identified patient’s problem. Fitting the right medication to the individual/couple will increase efficacy, satisfaction, compliance, and improve continuation rates. Rather than changing the couple’s sexual style to fit the treatment, try to fit the right medication/treatment to the couple. Erotic communication and seduction skills. ORGANIC FACTORS Erectile problems can be caused by wide variety of factors: Side effects of medication: depression…. Physicians must adjust dose or combine with other drugs to ameliorate the problem. Vascular and neurological deficits. Hormonal deficiency. Chronic diseases or injury. – As men age, the hormonal, vascular and neurological systems become less efficient. – As women age, she also is at risk for arousal phase disorders, painful intercourse: hormonal deficiency, vaginal atrophy and dryness…… – Men postpone treatment seeking. By that time, a new sexual equilibrium has been established within the relationship, which may be resistant to the changes a sexual pharmaceutical introduces. – The couple need to integrate PDE-5 inhibitors into their lovemaking style (preliminaries). CORPORAL FACTORS “Body-Brain” or “Brain-Body”: any emotion is carry out through body language. On the other hand, modifying body posture (body laws) will influence the level of emotion as well as your cognitions (perceptions). 3 Elements ( body laws) to look for in sexuality: Muscular tensions: a lot - little Rhythm: fast - slow Space: exterior space: movements interior space: breathing: thoracic, diaphragm or abdominal. Masturbatory style: Mechanical Mechanical Archaic Archaic Mechanical-Archaic Mechanical-Archaic In Wave: the release of upper and lower body Case example, Pierre 66- year- old male, in relationship for 10 years. Andropause, low libido and “soft erection” PDE-5 inhibitor works when used during masturbation sessions but does not work with partner - absent of genital stimulation, sexual scripts and partner very conservative. Normal DRE, PSA low Adam Score 10/10 positive Generalized anxiety. Fear of failure, inadequacy, negative evaluation. Important muscular tensions, upper lung breathing restricted movement and rhythm - rigid body. Case example, Pierre Bio-T low 1.8 (N=2.3-14) Androgel recommended Penile Doppler : venous leakage bilaterally Maintain use of PDE-5 inhibitor during and after the sex therapy. sexual anxieties, self-esteem. Improve communication skills. Introduce upper and lower release of the body, increase body mobility and physical sensations. Enhance sexual scripts: adding new elements, increasing sexual intimacy. Case example, Luc Medical evaluation: 57- year- old male, single, dates young women. Good general health. Morning erection. Masturbation, rigidity 10/10 On PDE-5 inhibitor : Viagra, but works only 50 % of the time with partner. Libido down. Bio-available Testosterone normal, Thyroid normal. Penile Doppler normal. Case example, Luc Psychosexual evaluation: Obsessive behavior, negative anticipation. Sexual scripts: performative scripts: restricted, repetitive with little satisfaction. The focus is on sexual performance and constant search for feed-back. cognitive scripts: absence of sexual thoughts to maintain an erection. Myths: “ A man is always interested in and ready for sex”, “ A real man performs in sex”, “A man should be able to make the earth move for his partner, or at the very least knock her socks off”……… Disconnected from lower body, sexual energy. Case example, Luc 1-2 session: Evaluation: functional analysis, objectives and treatment plan 3 session: Patient education: Understand how the erection works. Understand four phase model of human sexual response and study, or compare to what the patient experiences in his sexuality. Identify life stressors, obstacles to lovemaking. Masturbation I 4 session: ~Study sexual myths: advantages and disadvantages, limitations. ~Create a realistic expectations and new definition of sexuality: performance – pleasure. ~Masturbation II Case example, Luc 5 session: Pleasure: focus on body and physical sensations, pleasure of being touched, 5 senses. Self-centered – looking for feed-back. Introduction of lower release of the body: rocking of the pelvis. 6-7-8 session: – Study each sexual script to compare the influence of sexual stimulating thoughts and negative anticipation, context…. – Introduction of abdominal breathing. – Reinforce rocking of the pelvis, play with rhythms and muscular tensions. – Maintain use of Cialis through learning process. 9 session: Relapse prevention, schedule the follow-up session. Case example, Martin and Sonia Evaluation: 44-year-old male, 41-year-old female. Married for 9 months. Since, wife wishes to conceive: Performs less since pressure to conceive. Viagra used when she is ovulating: works only 70% of the time, difficulty ejaculating 50 % of the time: switch to Cialis. Anxiety , both feed on each other anxiety : upper lung breathing, restricted body movement and rhythm causing muscular tensions. Sexual scripts: narrow and restricted with little satisfaction for either partner: he only use 2 positions other wise ED. She would like to expend their lovemaking. Case example, Martin and Sonia Very limited sexual experience: 1st coitus at 27 years old, limited masturbation ( “good boys their don’t masturbate” ), negative thinking /anti-fantasy. Unrealistic expectations / Multiple sexual myths: “ A good lover should………”. He is very sensitive to rejection, abandonment: constant search for emotional connection, approval and emotional fusion, don’t express his needs and desires: disconnected from lower body and sexual energy. Relational pattern: saviour-victim creates self-misery and discomfort for personal growth, absence of clear sense of self in close proximity. Case example, Martin and Sonia Treatment: 1 step: Patient/Partner education: sexuality and fertility, sexual desire /desire to have a child/desire for emotional fusion – see the changes in sexual scripts; did arousal vary during manual, oral and coital stimulation ? Realistic expectations: been a good lover, myths, unrelenting standards. 2 step: Anxiety/Stress management: Decreased muscular tensions by changing breathing: abdominal. Counterthinking: S-I-E-B, triple-column technique, creating more realistic, positive and sexually stimulating thoughts. Talking to yourself: what thought just went through my head; does that thought actually make sense; is there any evidence to support that thought and how do I know that thought to be true ? Case example, Martin and Sonia 3 step: Self-esteem/self-confidence: Fantasy is helpful to eroticize both the experience and the partner: erotic fantasy, active participant; slowly integrate the partner in the fantasy. Masturbation I,II,III with fantasy. Assertive walk: modifying body language by owning upper and lower body; B-B-B-B. 4 step: Relational pattern: family of origin, understand how/why the past is paying out in the present relationship: advantages-disadvantages: less intimacy and anxiety tolerance, etc. Differentiation: clear sense of self, self-regulate our own anxiety and self-soothe hurts, non-reactivity to anxiety of significant person, ability to tolerate discomfort for growth….. 5 step: Learn new sexual skills to improve lovemaking: Focusing/spreading sexual energy: rocking of the pelvis/shoulders. Playing with 3 groups of muscles involved in sexual excitement: MT Sexual repertoire : add new elements. Case example, Paul Evaluation: 34-year-old-male. Married for 6 years, one child, wife wishes to conceive. Religion : misconception of sexuality, guilt . Masturbatory style: Archaic: never full erection and no ejaculation. Fantasies: dominant fetish component, total absence of coitus. Restricted attraction codes: breasts, legs. Sexual script: limited to breasts sucking for 10-15 minutes or rubbing partner legs with his penis. Incapacity to ejaculate inside the vagina / ED just before penetration. No pleasure associate with coitus and absence of physical sensations. Case example, Paul Treatment: 1step: Sexual education: – Understand sexual development: different stages, four phase model of human sexual response…… – Understand different factors that may influence sexual behavior: religion, family values, cognitions, perceptions, fantasies…… – Fetish: origin, causes, limitations…… 2step: Modify and change masturbatory style: – Introduce different positions. – Use of hand: play with pressure, rhythm, movement. – Full erection and ejaculation. Case example, Paul 3step: Fantasies: – Introduce new elements within existing fantasies: other body parts to expend attraction codes. – Create a total new fantasy: active with full erection and penetration ( inside the vagina). – Integrate the partner in a fantasy. 4 step: Combine a new masturbatory style with a new fantasy 5 step: Extend sexual scripts / sexual behaviors. Conclusion Sexual functioning certainly declines with age but sexuality remains a significant aspect of men’s lives well into their older years. For men, their sense of themselves as sexual beings remains important. Therefore, erectile problems affect men in both their intimate and nonintimate lives, including how they see themselves as sexual beings. Different domains of quality of life related to men’s sexuality are alter: 1. Men’s perceptions of their masculinity 2. Everyday interactions with women 3. Sexual imagining and fantasy life 4. The qualities of sexual intimacy Physicians dealing with sexual dysfunctions must consider the psychological and behavioral aspects of their patient’s diagnosis and management, as well as organic causes and risk factors. Conclusion Effective treatments for ED are available, but re-establishing erectile function does not necessarily re-establish a satisfying sexual relationship of the couple or individual. A sexual performance is not the same as the emotional impact of erectile dysfunction. Since sexuality remains an important aspect of men’s live, men with ED may find themselves re-evaluating their sexuality, possibly discovering themselves to be on new footing with respect to the women in their lives. Erectile dysfunction may precipitate an “identity dilemma” for men: changes in how men see themselves as sexual beings and as men in our society. Physicians need to appreciate the increasingly complex psychosocial issues that men attribute to their erectile dysfunction. Conclusion In counseling men, physicians may need to probe beyond the mechanics of erectile function, and ask questions about men’s feelings about their sexual lives and relationships. When men reveal that they no longer can get a “hard-on”, it is up to physicians to create an opportunity for men to discuss the impact of this upon their lives. Restoration of lasting and satisfying sexual life requires a multidimensional understanding of all of the forces that created the problem, whether a solo physician or multidisciplinary team approach is used. Each clinician needs to carefully evaluate their own competence and interests when considering the treatment of a person’s sexual dysfunction, so that regardless of the modality used, the patient receives optimized care. Conclusion Both the urological and psychological communities came to recognize and appreciate a new paradigm reflecting the interaction of both psychological and organic factors within a larger social context when treating erectile dysfunction. A movement within the field of ED toward an integration of sex therapy and pharmacotherapy is identified more and more. The primary care physicians and urologists began incorporating sex therapy (sex therapy referral) with sexual pharmaceuticals to increase the effectiveness of their treatments for sexual dysfunction. By combining disciplines and therapeutic approaches, one is more likely to improve sexual desire, arousal, penile tumescence and sexual satisfaction, and return the patient to a normal organic and psychological state.