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Review for standard 5 Evolution and Classification Objective 1 Evolution and Biodiversity a. Describe the effects of environmental factors on natural selection. What do you remember about Darwin? • • • • Natural selection Galapagos islands – 1800s - finches Isolation – Geographic and Reproductive Adaptive - Radiation Did Darwin create the evolution theory by himself? Explain. • No. He used ideas of others • Bonus -Like who? • Wallace. Natural slection • Natural selection is based on factors in the environment • Selecting for desirable traits • Survival and reproductive success. Selective breeding Humans selecting for desirable traits • Also called • Artificial selection • Breeder/farmer chooses only the best animals or crops • Examples • Corn Hybrid • Race horses • Shetland pony • Siamese cat b. Genetic variability to species potential for adaptation • Sexual reproduction ->Meiosis ->more variation -> increase chance of adapting and surviving in a changing environment • Populations evolve – NOT individuals c. Relate reproductive isolation to speciation Geographic/Reproductive isolation • • • • • • • Example is frogs separated by a mountain Or Darwin’s finches on different islands What can this lead to? Speciation. What is speciation? No longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring What happens during geographic or reproductive isolation? • Divergent or convergent evolution? • Divergent evolution Reproductive isolation that lead to speciation • Geographic barriers • And • Temporal barriers (reproduce at different times of the year) Objective 2: Cite evidence for changed in populations over time and use concepts of evolution to explain these changes a. Evidence that supporta biological evolution over time • This idea of Evolution by natural selection was originally not accepted but is now accepted because there is a lots of evidence that supports his theory What type of evidence supports the theory of evolution? • • • • • Fossils Anatomy Embryology DNA Vestigial structures • Structural Adaptations • Physiological Adaptations. 1. fossils • Best evidence for evolution • Many different types • Bones are a type of fossil How do you determine the age of a fossil? • Relative dating – relative age based on layers. • Radiometric dating – exact age 2 and 3. DNA - Biochemistry • Evidence that present species developed from earlier forms. • For example - AUG codes for methionine in all living things • Why would I not care about one single mutation in a population. • Survival is not threatened by this as there are ways usually ways to adapt #4 Comparative anatomy #4a.. Vestigial structures Vestigial structures Wings of flightless birds • No predators – no need to fly Humans • Appendix • Tail bone #4b. - Homologous Structures (common ancestor? Or not?) • Similar in arrangement, function or both. – COMMON ANCESTOR • Divergent evolution - #4 c.Analogous Structures (common ancestor? Or not?) • Body parts are similar in function but – • DO NOT HAVE COMMON ANCESTOR • Convergent evolution #4 d. Embryology. The presence of what two things in early vertebrates shows that they have a common ancestor? What the crap is this? 4 Indicator species – not on core but kind of cool • • "indicator animals" meaning that their health and well being is directly connected to the health of their environment. This is definitely messed up 5. What is a physiological adaptation? • Bacteria – resistant to antibiotics • Insects – resistance to insectiside (We can see evolution happening in right before our eyes What is relative dating? • Fossils in deeper rock layers are older than those found closer to the surface. • This idea makes the assumpion that • in the past, layers of sediment were deposited on top of each other the same as it is today. If I find fossils of coral in one of these layers then I assume what? • The area was once covered by an ocean • Further evidence could include • something like fossilized shark teeth. Objective 3 Classify organisms into a hierarchy of groups based on similarities that reflect their evolutionary reltionships a. Classify organisms using a classification tool such as a key or field guid • Dichotomous key Dichotymous Key – what is this? 1. Round . . . . . . . . . . ..go to 2 Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . .go to 3 2. Two legs . . . . . . . . . go to 4 Four legs . . . . . . . . . go to 5 3. Skin is purple . . . . .. Whatever Skin is Green . . . . . . . . .I don’t crap 4. Two Antanae . . . . . .I don’t care Four Antanae . . . . . . . .Dork 5. Curly Hair . . . . . . . . . . .I don’t know No Hair . . . . . . . . . . Baldy • • • • • • • • • • • Key to Common Evergreens 1a. Leaves linear, needle-like or scale like..……….2 1b. Leaves broad, not needle-like nor scale-like….5 2a. Leaves needle-like………………………………..3 2b. Leaves scale-like………………………………….Red Cedar 3a. Leaves in groups of 2 or 3………………………..4 3b. Leaves in groups of 5……………………………..Eastern White Pine 4a. Leaves in groups of 2……………………………..Virginia Pine 4b. Leaves in groups of 3……………………………..Loblolly Pine 5a. Leaf margin smooth……………………………….Magnolia 5b. Leaf margin spiny…………………………………..American Holly Dichotomous Tree Finder A. Does the tree have NEEDLES…Go To D An abbreviated example A. Does the tree have LEAVES…Go To B B. Are the leaves SIMPLE…Go To C B. Are the leaves COMPOUND…Go To C C. Is the branching OPPOSITE…Go To E C. Is the branching ALLTERNATE…Go To F D. Are the needles scale like - conifer D. Needles sharp and pointe - pine E. Are the leaf veins palmate - maple E. Are the leaf veins pinnate - ash F. Are the leaf edges serated (toothed) - Service berry F. Are the leaf edges lobed – oak Amelanchier canadensis b. Generalize criteria used for classification • Dichotomy • Structure • Broad to specific Name the taxas start with Kingdom • • • • • • • Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species •Which is most DISsimilar (broadest group) from each other ? •Toward Top - Kingdom Which ones are the most SIMILAR (most specific) Towards bottom (Species) What is binomial nomenclature Two-word scientific naming system created by Linnaeus (scientific name) • First word is? • genus, • second word is? • Species - a descriptor • Homo sapien – Homo = Genus – sapien - species Whittiker – 5 kingdoms • • • • • • Can you name them? Plant Animal Fungi Protist Monera (bacteria) 6 kingdom • Same but monera (bacteria) is divided into two groups • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria – survive in harsh environments Changes, changes, changes • Why do we keep changing things? • Science always revises its ideas as new evidence is discovered