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Storage effects in intermittent river ecology: implications for coexistence, biotic interactions and colonization dynamics Hydrobaenus sp. (Chironomidae) diapause in desiccation-resistant case Ross Vander Vorste Virginia Water Resources Research Institute, Virginia Tech @RiversRossV Thibault Datry IRSTEA, Villeurbanne, France Society for Freshwater Science 2016 Biodiversity and community assembly Community assembly Environment Dispersal Biotic interactions “Filters” Regional species pool Local community (Poff 1997 JNABS, HilleRisLambers et al. 2012 Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.) 2 Biodiversity and community assembly How is diversity maintained in a fluctuating environment? Harsh environmental conditions Environmental fluctuations Harsh Favorable Time 3 Storage effects can maintain species diversity Population growth during favorable environmental conditions is stored and buffers species from the negative effects of harsh conditions (Chesson 2000 Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.) 4 Storage effects can maintain species diversity Population growth during favorable environmental conditions can be stored and buffer species from the negative effects of harsh conditions 1 Species have different responses to the environment High Species 1 Abundance Low Species 2 Low High Water availability (Chesson 2000 Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.) 5 Storage effects can maintain species diversity Population growth during favorable environmental conditions can be stored and buffer species from the negative effects of harsh conditions 1 Species have different responses to the environment 2 Covariance between environment and competition High Competition Low Low High Water availability (Chesson 2000 Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.) 6 Storage effects can maintain species diversity Population growth during favorable environmental conditions can be stored and buffer species from the negative effects of harsh conditions 1 Species have different responses to the environment 2 Covariance between environment and competition 3 Species traits limit the impact of the environment and competition the seedbank 7 (Chesson 2000 Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.) How can “storage” influence communities? 1 Colonization dynamics Early colonizing taxa can have priority effects 8 How can “storage” influence communities? 1 Colonization dynamics Early colonizing taxa can have priority effects 2 Biotic interactions Could reduce competition and predation pressure 9 How can “storage” influence communities? 1 Colonization dynamics Early colonizing taxa can have priority effects 2 Biotic interactions Could reduce competition and predation pressure 3 Species coexistence Trade-off between resistant and resilient strategies How can “storage” influence communities? 1 Colonization dynamics Early colonizing taxa can have priority effects 2 Biotic interactions Could reduce competition and predation pressure 3 Species coexistence Trade-off of resistant and resilient strategies Examples in the literature: ? Durden images Adler et al. 2006 PNAS Angert et al. 2009 PNAS Usinowicz et al. 2009 ECOLOGY 11 Intermittent rivers as a model system Environmental fluctuations Roubion River, France Before drying During drying Bertrand Launay 12 Intermittent rivers as a model system Environmental fluctuations Found globally and increasing in abundance Danube (Germany) Manganui (NZ) McMurdo Valley (Antarctica) Tete (Mozambique) Kapoeta (Soudan) Rio Grande (US) 13 Intermittent rivers as a model system Environmental fluctuations Found globally and increasing in abundance Threatened by climate change, water abstraction and other human activities Narmada River, India Colorado River, USA Pete McBride Chandravir Singh 14 Invertebrate storage in intermittent rivers Hyporheic zone use during drying Gammarus pulex (Gammaridae) S. Luk Leuctra sp. (Leuctridae) Baetis sp. (Baetidae) Hyporheic zone 15 Invertebrate storage in intermittent rivers Hyporheic zone use during drying Gammarus pulex (Gammaridae) S. Luk Leuctra sp. (Leuctridae) Baetis sp. (Baetidae) Hyporheic zone Resistance forms prevent desiccation Eggs, body armoring (cases), diapause/dormancy Hydrobaenus sp. (Chironomidae) M. Billard Stenophylax latipenis (Limnephilidae) M. Bogan Mesocapnia arizonensis (Capniidae) 16 Storage effects and colonization dynamics No Non-dispersing colonizers Before During After Vander Vorste et al. 2015 FWB Dispersing colonizers 17 Storage effects and colonization dynamics No Non-dispersing colonizers Before During After Dispersing colonizers Invertebrates from the seedbank colonize first and could have ‘priority’ over dispersing colonizers 18 Storage effects and biotic interactions Prey Large predator Before During After Cybister tripunctatus (Dytiscidae) Gammarus pulex (Gammaridae) Predator Prey Prey can use hyporheic zone to avoid biotic interactions and drying can remove top predators 19 Storage effects and species coexistence Resilient species Resistant species Before During After Invertebrate storage can lead to establishment of ‘early’ and ‘late’ season communities 20 Key research questions Colonization dynamics • Are there priority effects related to colonization via invertebrate storage? Study design: species additions to mimic ‘early’ and ‘late’ arriving taxa Mesocosm experiments 21 Key research questions Biotic interactions • Does invertebrate storage reduce competition and predation pressure during harsh environmental conditions? Study design: measure biotic interactions w/ and w/o hyporheic zone Manipulative field experiments 22 Implications for IRES management Species coexistence • Can invertebrate populations increase from low population size in the presence of a competing taxa? Study design: long-term population dynamics Population modeling Species 1 Abundance Field observations Species 2 Time 23 Broader implications for freshwater ecology Temporal vs spatial dispersal • Storage could reduce connectivity among meta-communities • Alteration of gene flow among populations Intermittent river management • Increased duration will reduce importance of storage effects • Importance of protecting invertebrate storage 24 In summary @RiversRossV Contact: [email protected] • Similar to terrestrial systems, storage occurs through the combined use of the hyporheic zone and desiccation-resistance forms by invertebrates in IRES. • Circumstantial evidence suggests that storage influences colonization dynamics, biotic interactions and species coexistence. • Research should be directed towards addressing several key research questions related to storage effects to advance IRES ecology. 25