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Transcript
DNA and Mutations What is DNA? • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is found in all living things. • It is the carrier of genetic information • DNA affects how an organism looks, behaves, and how it’s body functions. • You found some of those traits earlier in this unit! • Sections of DNA are called genes • Many genes stacked together form our chromosomes • You have 46 chromosomes, 23 from mom, 23 from dad. • Genes can come in multiple forms-usually dominant or recessive • The genes for blood type have 3 different versions (3 different alleles) – A, B, and o • These genes tell the blood cell what type of protein to have on the cell membrane surface • The phenotype (physical appearance) is controlled by the genotype (genes) of the organism. • But what if there is a change to the genotype? • A small change in the genes can cause a big change in the appearance and traits of the organism! Objectives • Define mutation • Identify causes of mutations • Describe effects of mutations What is a Mutation? • Any permanent change to DNA is called a mutation. What is a mutation? • The DNA can be changed in several ways What is a mutation? • A mutation can happen to a small section of DNA or to a chromosome What causes a mutation? • Mutations are a natural process that has been occurring for millions of years, changing DNA a little at a time. What causes a mutation? • Many times a mutation occurs naturally during mitosis. • That mutated cell often doesn’t survive to divide again. • Other causes of mutations can be environmental – Radiation (x-rays/gamma rays), UV light, chemicals (cigarettes) , or viruses (HPV) can cause mutations in the DNA Normal DNA and DNA being hit by x-rays and radiation What are the effects of mutations? • Are mutations bad? • Can I get superpowers from a mutation? What are the effects of mutations? • Most of the time, there is NO effect! • The cell may fix the mistake or destroy itself and the mutation does not get passed on. What are the effects of mutations? • Or the mutation may have occurred in a section of DNA that does not affect the organism’s genes. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uX7Okcqe8eU Effects • Sometimes the mutation can be harmful to the organism. Harmful mutation in humans • Sickle Cell- red blood cells cannot carry oxygen as well due to their shape. • Uncontrolled growth of a mutated cell can lead to cancerous tumors Effects • Sometimes the mutation can be helpful to the organism-which banana would you prefer? Effects • Watermelon anyone? Effects • Double muscled (Belgian Blue) cattle with myostatin mutations Effects • Some gardeners will purposely expose seeds to radiation to cause mutations in their plants Blue eyes are a mutation • Even bacteria can benefit from having mutated DNA- they can avoid being killed by an antibiotic Review and Summary • Mutations are a change in DNA • They occur naturally but can also be caused by environmental factors • Most of the time, there is no effect to a mutation, but other times, the mutation can harmful or helpful to the organism. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GieZ3pk9YVo&nohtml5=False