Download Guided Notes - History with Ms. Osborn

Name:____________________________________ Period:______________________Date:_________________
Ancient Greece and Rome
Video Link: http://bit.ly/greeceandromevid
Main Idea: Greece and Rome were home to a series of advanced civilizations that left behind a legacy that help to define
what we think of as Western Civilization. Both civilizations experienced many changes in government and culture.
Essential Question:
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Golden Hawk Historians will…
What features characterized the different
civilizations in the Ancient Greece and Rome?
How truly democratic was Ancient Rome?
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Characterize the different features of Ancient
Greece and Rome.
Evaluate the extent to which Ancient Rome
represented a true democracy.
Early Greece
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Minoans
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The ______________________ civilization formed on __________________ in 3000 BCE and lasted
nearly 2000 years.
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The Minoans sailed all over the Aegean Sea __________________________________ with other
colonies.
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Women played major roles in society as priests.
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Much of Minoan culture is a mystery because historians cannot read their
__________________________________________.
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The Minoan civilization ended abruptly, perhaps by the eruption of a nearby volcano.
Mycenaean's
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The _________________________________ conquered the ____________________ from the Greek
mainland.
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The Mycenaean’s built small kingdoms that often fought against one another.
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The Mycenaean’s were the first to be considered ____________________________ because they spoke
a similar form of the Greek language.
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The Mycenaean culture was characterized by _____________________ and shows of power by the King.
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The most famous was the ___________________________________________.
Greek City-States
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Greek society was centered on the _______________________, or city-state, which was the most basic political
unit in Greece.
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Travel in Greece was difficult, therefore each polis formed _____________________________________
from one another forming its own set of government, laws, and customs.
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Greek identity was defined by their polis rather than as merely a “Greek.”
Each polis is built around a high area called an _________________________________________ that housed
temples for the gods and spaces for ceremonies.
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Below the acropolis were public places like the _______________________, or marketplace, shops,
houses, and other buildings.
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Each polis had a major ________________________________________________ that developed over time.
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Different types of governments:
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Monarchy: ___________________________________________________________________________
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Oligarchy: ____________________________________________________________________________
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Aristocracy: ___________________________________________________________________________
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Democracy: ___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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Theocracy: ___________________________________________________________________________
Gods and Epics
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Ancient Greeks believed in hundreds of _________________________________________________________
each governing a certain aspect of life.
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There were twelve that were particularly influential on their lives.
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Main God was _______________________
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These gods and goddesses lived together on _______________________________________
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They were imperfect and unpredictable.
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Each polis claimed one god or goddess as their primary ___________________________________________.
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Every year athletes from various city-states would meet together at ______________________________ to
compete against each other and honor the gods.
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The Iliad and the Odyssey were written by a blind poet named _______________________________
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__________________________________: chief source of Trojan War (the warrior Achilles, Helen of Tory, Trojan
Horse “Beware of Greeks bearing gifts”)
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_______________________________: About Greek warrior Odysseus trying to return home to his wife with the
gods preventing him
Sparta and Athens
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_____________________________ was one of the mightiest of the city-states in Greece and grew over time by
conquering neighboring cities.
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Made the people they conquered into ________________________, or slaves, that worked their farms
so that Spartans could focus on war.
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Sparta depended on its ___________________________ in order to keep order over their city and the helots.
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Boys from a young age were trained for combat and then at 20 the boys became soldiers for 10 years.
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Women were trained to be physically fit as well.
Decisions in Sparta were made by a _____________________________ and carried out by the military generals.
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Athens developed the world’s first ________________________________________, or a form of government
that is run by the people.
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Athens had originated as an ____________________________________ or a form of government run
by nobles or aristocrats with money and power.
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______________________________________________ formed out of the high tensions between the
poor farmers and the rich aristocrats.
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In Athenian democracy only __________________________________ men could run for or hold political office.
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Only _______________________Athenians over the age of _______ could take part in the government.
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Women did not take part in the government.
Athenian democracy consisted of three main bodies: _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.
The Persian Wars
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The Greek Empire came into conflict with the Persian Empire over the region of _________________________,
which is modern day Turkey.
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The Greeks living in Ionia had become unhappy with Persian rule and wanted independence.
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The Spartans attempted to help the Ionians but the Persian emperor Darius put down the rebellion.
To seek revenge Darius sent Persian troops to Greece at ___________________________________ near Athens,
but the Athenians were prepared for them.
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On their second attack, at the _________________________________________________, the Persians were
able to burn the city of Athens but were caught by the smaller and quicker Grecian war ships.
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As the leaders in the Persian Wars ________________________________________________ emerged as the
most powerful and influential city-state in Greece. This marked the end of the Persian Empire.
The Peloponnesian War
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As the leader of the _______________________________________ or an alliance that was formed between
city-states following the Persian Wars, _________________________ grew to be the most powerful and richest
polis in Greece – rivaled only by Sparta.
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Athens experienced a Golden Age.
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Sparta was the head of a similar league the _______________________________________________________.
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The rivalry between _____________________________________ led the two to declare war upon one another.
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During the Peloponnesian Wars Athens lost most of its navy and _________________________ became the
supreme power in Greece.
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After many years, however, Greece was conquered by ______________________________________________,
a Greek speaking kingdom to the north.
Greek Achievements
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Greek Philosophy
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____________________________________
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Sought truth about concepts such as truth and justice.
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Thought people learned best by asking _______________________________________.
___________________________________
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Thought ___________________________________ were best suited to govern other people.
__________________________________
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Pioneered the use of ______________________________________________________.
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Favored rule by a single strong and virtuous leader.
Greek Theatre
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Greeks were famous for their writings including _____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________.
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Dramas were based on _________________________________________________________________.
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____________________________ were plays that told of human suffering and usually ended in disaster.
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____________________________ were plays that mocked people and customs.
Architecture
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Greeks wanted their cities to be the most beautiful and did so through building magnificent
____________________________________________________________________________________.
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Used intricate ____________________________ to decorate the fronts of buildings.
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The most famous of the Greek buildings is the _____________________________________________.
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Most Greek buildings were made out of _______________________________.
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Greek sculptors developed a new style of art - _______________________________________________
Art
that were also idealistic poses, that is showing individuals in their most perfect and graceful form.
Alexander the Great
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Alexander the Great came from ______________________________________ and became king at age 20.
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Alexander the Great sought to expand the Empire through ________________________. He firmly controlled all
of Greece and sought to control Persia.
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He led his forces south into Phoenicia and Egypt defeating the Persian forces there.
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He conquered most of the ___________________________________________ and even tried to
conquer India before turning back home.
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When Alexander the Great died three of the greatest generals divided up the nation.
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Through the development of his empire Alexander the Great helped to create a new type of culture that
combined elements of _______________________________________________________________________
that became known as _______________________________________________________________________.
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Many of the cities he conquered he named after himself (Alexandria, Egypt).
There were many great achievements during the Hellenistic era.
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Pythagoras: __________________________________________________________________________.
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Euclid developed the basis for modern _____________________________________________________
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Aristarchus: came up with the ___________________________________________________________,
or the earth rotated on is axis and orbited the sun.
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Archimedes applied principle of _____________________________ to make use of the lever and pulley
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Hippocrates: Studied the causes of ________________________________ and looked for cures and
became known as the Father of medicine.
The Foundations of Rome
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When the Romans were able to throw out their king they established a new type of government called a
__________________________________, in which elected officials formed the Senate and governed the state.
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In the early days a few aristocratic families known as ________________________________________
elected officials amongst themselves gaining power through ___________________________________
_____________________________________ to lower ranking families in exchange for political backing.
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The common people, or ___________________________________, challenged the patricians for power.
The ____________________________________________________________ was Rome’s first written law code,
displayed in the public forum, which allowed Plebeians to appeal judgements.
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These laws allowed for _________________________________________________ on the government.
Working together the Patricians and the Plebeians created an ________________________________________,
or political structure, that broke the government into three parts:
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________________________________________ or a body of 300 members that advised elected
officials, controlled public finances, and handled all foreign relations.
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_____________________________________________________ in which all citizens voted on laws and
elected officials.
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_____________________________________________________ who put the law into practice,
governed daily affairs, and acted as judges and priests.
The Republic Expands
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Rome’s empire would not be successful without its powerful ________________________________________.
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Rome generally treated its defeated enemies with ___________________________ requiring the conquered
people to acknowledge Roman leadership, pay __________________, and supply soldiers to the Roman army.
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In return, Rome let them keep their __________________________ and even gave some full citizenship.
This led to many of the conquered lands remaining loyal to Rome.
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The Romans united their kingdom through a system of __________________________________.
Wars with Carthage
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Roman expansion brought it in contact with _________________________________, a city state on the
northern coast of Africa, and conflict would be inevitable.
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Rome fought three wars against Carthage called the ________________________________________.
First Punic War was largely a naval battle over the ________________________________________________
and Roman was able to defeat Carthage to win Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia.
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In the Second Punic War the Carthaginians sought revenge and sent their most powerful general
__________________________________ through France and over the Alps into Italy to surprise the Romans.
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The Carthaginians failed to capture Rome and the Romans sent an army to attack and defeat Carthage.
In the Third Punic War Rome wanted revenge for Hannibal’s destruction of Rome and so they completely
destroyed Carthage and enslaved their entire population.
Tensions in the Roman Empire
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After expanding their massive empire a ____________________________________ grew amongst the people
between the various classes of Roman society.
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Two patrician brothers named Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were the first to attempt ______________________
hoping to distribute land to poor landless farmers, but they were unable to solve Rome’s problems.
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_____________________________________ came to dominate Roman politics with two others in the
_______________________________________________________, a group of three persons with equal power.
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After the death of one of the Triumvirate Caesar forced the senate to make him ____________________
but kept the senate and other features of the republic but in fact he was the absolute ruler.
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While the leader of Rome he reformed society by ____________________________ to the unemployed through
public works projects, organizing the government into provinces, and granting citizenship to more people.
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A group of senators led by ______________________________________ feared Caesar would make himself
king and assassinated him, plunging Rome into a new civil war.
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The Second Triumvirate was led by _______________________________________________________________
divided up the empire.
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When civil war broke out _________________________________ defeated Antony and his ally Queen
Cleopatra of Egypt at the battle of Actium.
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With Octavian the lone ruler of Rome the Republic was officially over and a new Roman political era
began.
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Octavian took the title of __________________________________, or the Exalted One, and exercised
____________________________________________________ laying the foundation for a stable government.
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This period started the __________________________________, a period in which Rome was at peace.
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During the Pax Roman ____________________________________ the Empire, trade flowed, and
people moved easily spreading ideas and knowledge.
Life in Imperial Rome
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All social classes enjoyed public entertainment like the __________________________ where chariot races took
place or the gladiator contests.
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They were paid for with _____________________ and were used to pacify the restless mobs.
Romans placed great value on _____________________________________________________ with parents
educating their children in their homes.
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Romans absorbed many ideas from the Greeks including literature, mythology, philosophy, and science.
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Roman art stressed _________________________________ portraying their subjects as they looked.
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Romans built immense temples, palaces, and stadiums to show the power and dignity of Rome.
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Many homes had mosaics or pictures from chips of stone or glass.
The ___________________________ was a temple to all the Roman gods.
Romans excelled in ________________________________________ or the application of science and
mathematics to develop useful structures and machines such as roads, bridges, harbors throughout the empire
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________________________________________ were bridge like stone structures that brought water
from the hills into Roman cities
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___________________________ proposed that the earth was the center of the universe, which was accepted in
the western world for nearly 1,5000 years.
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Another part of Rome’s legacy was _______________________ – French, Spanish, Italian, and Russian languages
all get their roots from Latin.
Christianity
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Rome conquered _____________________, where most Jews lived, and allowed the Jews to keep their religion.
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A new religion, _________________________________________________, was founded by a Jew named Jesus.
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What we known about the life of Jesus is written in the ___________________, the Christian holy book.
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Jesus was born in Bethlehem after an angel told his mother Mary she would give birth to the Messiah.
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At the age of 30 Jesus began preaching and recruited twelve followers that he called disciples.
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Large crowds gathered to hear his teachings, often in the form of parables, and see him perform
miracles.
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Jesus believed in ____________________, accepted the _____________________________________________,
and called himself the __________________________________________.
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His mission was to bring _____________________ and eternal life to anyone who would believe in him.
Jesus was condemned to be _______________________ by the Romans who thought he was too revolutionary.
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After Jesus’ death his message spread throughout the world through his disciples.
The Fall of Rome
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As the Pax Romana ended political and economic turmoil increased within the Roman Empire.
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Many Emperors only ruled for a ______________________________________ until they were
overthrown or killed.
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____________________ put a heavy burden on people and small farmers.
Diocletian set out to restore order by dividing the empire into two parts and appointing a co-emperor to rule the
other half.
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He attempted to slow inflation, or the rapid rise of prices, by fixing prices.
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He focused on the military and using taxes for defense and the economy.
_____________________________________________ took the throne and attempted to continue the reforms.
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Granted __________________________________________ to Christians which encouraged its growth.
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Built a new capital in Constantinople in the Eastern half of the Roman Empire leading to a decline of the
Western half.
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Rome faced many attacks from _________________________________ people to the North as well as the
____________________ led by Atilla in the West – attacks eventually lead to the fall of the Western portion of
the __________________________________________________, the Eastern portion eventually becomes
known as the _____________________________________________________.