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Greek life was dominated by religion and so it is not surprising that the temples of
ancient Greece were the biggest and most beautiful.They also had a political
purpose as they were often built to celebrate civic power and pride, or offer
thanksgiving to the patron deity of a city for success in war.
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Greek Temple Architecture
The Greeks developed three architectural systems, called orders, each with their
own distinctive proportions and detailing. The Greek orders are: Doric, Ionic, and
Corinthian.
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
The Doric style is rather The Ionic style is thinner The Corinthian style is
and more elegant. Its
sturdy and its top (the
seldom used in the
capital is decorated with Greek world, but often
capital), is plain. This
a scroll-like design (a
style was used in
seen on Roman temples.
mainland Greece and the volute). This style was
Its capital is very
colonies in southern
found in eastern Greece elaborate and decorated
Italy and Sicily.
and the islands.
with acanthus leaves.
Doric Order:
Parthenon - temple of Athena Parthenos ("Virgin"), Greek goddess of wisdom, on
the Acropolis in Athens. The Parthenon was built in the 5th century BC, and despite
the enormous damage it has sustained over the centuries, it still communicates the
ideals of order and harmony for which Greek architecture is known.
Ionic Order:
Erechtheum - temple from the middle classical period of Greek art and
architecture, built on the Acropolis of Athens between 421 and 405BC.
The Erechtheum contained sanctuaries to Athena Polias, Poseidon, and Erechtheus.
The requirements of the several shrines and the location upon a sloping site
produced an unusual plan. From the body of the building porticoes project on east,
north, and south sides. The eastern portico, hexastyle Ionic, gave access to the
shrine of Athena, which was separated by a partition from the western cella. The
northern portico, tetrastyle Ionic, stands at a lower level and gives access to the
western cella through a fine doorway. The southern portico, known as the Porch of
the Caryatids (see caryatid) from the six sculptured draped female figures that
support its entablature, is the temple's most striking feature; it forms a gallery or
tribune. The west end of the building, with windows and engaged Ionic columns, is
a modification of the original, built by the Romans when they restored the building.
One of the east columns and one of the caryatids were removed to London by Lord
Elgin, replicas being installed in their places.
The Temple of Apollo at Didyma - The Greeks built the Temple of Apollo at
Didyma, Turkey (about 300 BC). The design of the temple was known as dipteral, a
term that refers to the two sets of columns surrounding the interior section. These
columns surrounded a small chamber that housed the statue of Apollo. With Ionic
columns reaching 19.5 m (64 ft) high, these ruins suggest the former grandeur of
the ancient temple.
The Temple of Athena Nike - part of the Acropolis in the city of Athens. The
Greeks built the Temple of Apollo at Didyma, Turkey (about 300 BC). The design of
the temple was known as dipteral, a term that refers to the two sets of columns
surrounding the interior section. These columns surrounded a small chamber that
housed the statue of Apollo. With Ionic columns reaching 19.5 m (64 ft) high, these
ruins suggest the former grandeur of the ancient temple.
Corinthian Order:
- most ornate of the classic orders of architecture. It was also the latest, not arriving
at full development until the middle of the 4th cent. B.C. The oldest known example,
however, is found in the temple of Apollo at Bassae (c.420 B.C.). The Greeks made
little use of the order; the chief example is the circular structure at Athens known as
the choragic monument of Lysicrates ( 335 B.C.). The temple of Zeus at Athens
(started in the 2d cent. B.C. and completed by Emperor Hadrian in the 2d cent.
A.D.) was perhaps the most notable of the Corinthian temples.
Acropolis
Acropolis in Greek means "The Sacred Rock, the high city". All around the world the
Acropolis of Athens is known as 'The Acropolis'. There are many Acropolises in
Greece but the Acropolis of Athens is the best known. The Acropolis is primarily
dedicated to the Goddess Athena. But humans from the prehistoric era have
populated the Acropolis and the caves around it. Situated in the middle of Athens,
many myths, festivals and important events are connected to the sacred Acropolis.
The Acropolis echoes the grandeur and the power of the Athenian empire.... more »
Parthenon
Work began on the Parthenon, built on the Acropolis, in 447 BC to replace an
existing temple which was destroyed by the Persians in 480 BC and cost 469 silver
talents to build. The work began under the orders of Pericles to show the wealth
and exuberance of Athenian power. The name of the building most likely came from
a cult statue of Athena Parthenos housed in the eastern room of the building. This
magnificent structure was built of ivory and gold and was sculptured by the
renowned sculptor Phidias. As with most buildings on the Acropolis it was dedicated
to Athena to thank the Goddess for their success. The Parthenon was finally finished
in 432 BC and was to show the world the dominance and power of Athens. The vast
majority of the money used in the construction came from the Delian League funds.
The Delian League was a treaty between the Greek states in league against the
Persian Empire. However two years before work started on the Parthenon, the
Athenians had struck a peace treaty with the Persians ending the war, although the
League continued to exist. It is believed that because of this the league stopped
being a mutual defence against Persia but part of the Athenian Empire. This theory
was reinforced when Athens moved the Leagues treasury from the Pan-Hellenic
sanctuary at Delos to the Parthenon (Opisthodomos room). Not only was the
Parthenon a magnificent structure to look at, but it also showed Athenian
dominance over the rest of the Greek peninsula and that Athens was its Greek
imperial master. more »
Sculpture
Greek art and sculpture has had a profound effect throughout the ages. Many of the
styles have been reproduced and copied by some of what the modern day
audiences would class as some of the finest artists to have ever lived e.g.
Michelangelo. Western art and sculpture derived from Roman art, while in the East,
Alexander the Great's conquest gave birth to Greco-Buddhist art, which has even
had an influence as far as Japan all of which stem from ancient Greek art. The
Greeks used many different types of materials in their sculptures including stone,
marble and limestone as these were abundant in Greece. Other materials such as
clay were also used but due to their brittle nature very few have survived. Greek
sculptures are very important as the vast majority of them tell us a story about
Gods, HerThe history of Greece can be traced back to Stone Age hunters. Later
came early farmers and thecivilizations of the Minoan and Mycenaean kings. This
was followed by a period of wars and invasions, known as the Dark Ages. In about
1100 BC, a people called the Dorians invaded from the north and spread down the
west coast. In the period from 500-336 BC Greece was divided into small city states,
each of which consisted of a city and its surrounding countryside.
There were only a few historians in the time of Ancient Greece. Three major ancient
historians, were able to record their time of Ancient Greek history, that include
Herodotus, known as the 'Father of History' who travelled to many ancient historic
sites at the time, Thucydides and Xenophon.
Most other forms of History knowledge and accountability of the ancient Greeks we
know is because of temples, sculpture, pottery, artefacts and other archaeological
findings.
NEOLITHIC PERIOD (6000 - 2900 BC)
According to historians and archeological findings, the Neolithic Age in Greece lasted
from 6800 to 3200 BC. The most domesticated settlements were in Near East of
Greece. They traveled mainly due to overpopulation. These people introduced
pottery and animal husbandry in Greece. They may as well have traveled via the
route of Black sea into Thrace, which then further leads to Macedonia, Thessaly,
Boeotia etc. The second way of traveling into Greece is from one island to another
and such type of colonies has been found in Knossos and Kythnos... more »
EARLY BRONZE AGE (2900 - 2000BC)
The Greek Bronze Age or the Early Helladic Era started around 2800 BC and lasted
till 1050 BC in Crete while in the Aegean islands it started in 3000 BC. The Bronze
Age in Greece is divided into periods such as Helladic I, II. The information that is
available today on the Bronze Age in Greece is from the architecture, burial styles
and lifestyle. The colonies were made of 300 to 1000 people... more »
Minoan Age(2000 - 1400 BC )
Bronze Age civilization, centring on the island of Crete. It was named after the
legendary king Minos. It is divided into three periods: the early Minoan period
(c.3000-2200 B.C.), the Middle Minoan period (c.2200-1500 B.C.) and the Late
Minoan period (c.1500-1000 B.C.).
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Middle Minoan Crete
The Minoans
The History of The Minoans
Mycenaean Age (600 - 1100 BC)
Period of high cultural achievement, forming the backdrop and basis for subsequent
myths of the heroes. It was named for the kingdom of Mycenae and the
archaeological site where fabulous works in gold were unearthed. The Mycenaean
Age was cut short by widespread destruction ushering in the Greek Dark Age....
more »
The Dark Ages (1100 - 750 BC)
- The period between the fall of the Mycenean civilizations and the readoption of
writing in the eigth or seventh century BC. After the Trojan Wars the Mycenaeans
went through a period of civil war, the country was weak and a tribe called the
Dorians took over. Some speculate that Dorian invaders from the north with iron
weapons laid waste the Mycenaean culture. Others look to internal dissent, uprising
and rebellion, or perhaps some combination.
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The Greek Dark Ages
A chapter on the history and culture of the Greek Dark Ages.
The Dorians
one of the three main groups of people of ancient Greece, the others being
the Aeolians and the Ionians, who invaded from the north in the 12th and
11th centuries BC.
Archaic Period (750 - 500 BC)
The Archaic Period in Greece refers to the years between 750 and 480 B.C., more
particularly from 620 to 480 B.C. The age is defined through the development of art
at this time, specifically through the style of pottery and sculpture, showing the
specific characteristics that would later be developed into the more naturalistic style
of the Classical period. The Archaic is one of five periods that Ancient Greek history
can be divided into; it was preceded by the Dark Ages and followed by the Classical
period. The Archaic period saw advancements in political theory, especially the
beginnings of democracy, as well as in culture and art. The knowledge and use of
written language which was lost in the Dark Ages was re-established.
Classical Period (500-336 BC) - Classical period of ancient Greek history, is fixed
between about 500 B. C., when the Greeks began to come into conflict with the
kingdom of Persia to the east, and the death of the Macedonian king and conqueror
Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. In this period Athens reached its greatest political
and cultural heights: the full development of the democratic system of government
under the Athenian statesman Pericles; the building of the Parthenon on the
Acropolis; the creation of the tragedies of Sophocles, Aeschylus and Euripides; and
the founding of the philosophical schools of Socrates and Plato.
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Archaic and Classical Greek History
Hellenistic Period (336-146 BC) - period between the conquest of the Persian
Empire by Alexander the Great and the establishment of Roman supremacy, in
which Greek culture and learning were pre-eminent in the Mediterranean and Asia
Minor. It is called Hellenistic (Greek, Hellas, "Greece") to distinguish it from the
Hellenic culture of classical Greece.
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Hellenistic Greece
The Greeks invented athletic contests and held them in honour of their gods.
The Isthmos game were staged every two years at the Isthmos of Corinth.
The Pythian games took place every four years near Delphi. The most famous
games held at Olympia, South- West of Greece, which took place every four
years. The ancient Olympics seem to have begun in the early 700 BC, in
honour of Zeus. No women were allowed to watch the games and only Greek
nationals could participate. One of the ancient wonders was a statue of Zeus
at Olympia, made of gold and ivory by a Greek sculptor Pheidias. This was
placed inside a Temple, although it was a towering 42 feet high.
The games at Olympia were greatly expanded from a one-day festival of
athletics and wrestling to, in 472 BC, five days with many events. The order
of the events is not precisely known, but the first day of the festival was
devoted to sacrifices. On the Middle Day of the festival 100 oxen were
sacrificed in honor of a God. Athletes also often prayed and made small
sacrifices themselves..
On the second day, the foot-race, the main event of the games, took place in
the stadium, an oblong area enclosed by sloping banks of earth.
At Olympia there were 4 different types of races; The first was stadion, the
oldest event of the Games, where runners sprinted for 1 stade, the length of
the stadium(192m). The other races were a 2-stade race (384 m.), and a
long-distance run which ranged from 7 to 24 stades (1,344 m. to 4,608
m.).The fourth type of race involved runners wearing full amor, which was 24 stade race (384 m. to 768 m.), used to build up speed and stamina for
military purposes.
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On other days, wrestling, boxing, and the pancratium, a combination of the
two, were held. In wrestling, the aim was to throw the opponent to the
ground three times, on either his hip, back or shoulder. In ancient Greek
wrestling biting and genital holds were illegal.
Boxing became more and more brutal; at first the pugilists wound straps of
soft leather over their fingers as a means of deadening the blows, but in later
times hard leather, sometimes weighted with metal, was used. In the
pancratium, the most rigorous of the sports, the contest continued until one
or the other of the participants acknowledged defeat.
Horse-racing, in which each entrant owned his horse, was confined to the
wealthy but was nevertheless a popular attraction. The course was 6 laps
of the track, with separate races for whereupon the rider would have no
The Ionian Revolt: The start of First Persian War?
The Greco-Persian Wars are a sequence of wars fought between the great empire of
Persia and the coalition of Greek city-states. It lasted for about half a decade from
499 BC to 488 BC. Even as we say Greco-Persian Wars its not always that all of
Greece fought against Persian as their strength and authority was much greater.
The Ionian Revolt initiated the First Major Persian War. During 539 BC Cyrus The
Great ruled Persia and most of West Asia. During his reign his first captured Lydia,
which lay along the coast of Anatolia. The cities that were dependent of Lydia
automatically became helpless and Cyrus next move was to capture those cities.
The residents of these were then called Ionians. Ionia is today based in Modern
Turkey. Cyrus was cruel ruler. He increased the taxes and appointed tyrants in these
regions.
His son Cambyses supported Cyrus and he too captured Egypt and some Greek
islands between Anatolia and Greece, the most important one being the island of
Samos.
Later Darius, Cambyses son who became the king, attacked the Scythians, but he
lost. He along with his army returned back to Persia.
Darius move proved useful to him, as the other Greek states thought that they were
next in line to be attacked. Macedon sought a peace treaty with Persia in 510 BC.
When Persia decided to attack Naxos, Aristagoras was appointed to lead the battle.
Aristagoras was a tyrant of Miletus known to be close to King of Persia. But the
Persians lost. Seeing that strong rulers like Persia could lose two consecutive times
the Persian occupied Greek city-states decided to revolt. This is known as the Ionian
revolt. But the Ionians were defeated in the Battle of Lade in 494 BC. The Ionian
revolt lasted for about half a decade.
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Ancient Greece source
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Heroes & Events
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Trojan War
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Alexander the Great
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Heracles
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Labours of Hercules
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Odysseus
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Jason
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Pericles
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Perseus
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Agamemnon
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Oedipus
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Theseus
The First Persian War
After the Ionian revolt ended, Darius decided to expand his empire's territories. In
493 BC the Persians defeated the remains of the Ionian revolt. This was a very good
chance for Darius to extend his empire and he did so by acquiring the islands of
East Aegean and the Propontis. After the revolt Darius selected his son-in-law
Mardonius for resettlement of the cities destroyed in the revolt. This change was
shockingly civil compared to the known cruel Persian rulers....more »
The Battle of Marathon
Herodotus writes the description of the 'Battle of Marathon'.
Athens was a famous city and the Persians wanted to attack Athens. So they took
help of tyrant Hippias who originally a Greek, but was banished. He took support of
King Darius of Persia. Filled with anger Hippias was waiting for such a chance. The
battle started around 490 BC. Along with the army, they started moving towards
Greece, looting and razing islands along their way. The army consisted of about
20,000 to 60,000 men.
Athens requested help from Sparta but was not entertained because the Spartans
were not allowed to leave the city because of some religious reasons. So the only
coalition was with the Plataeans, who as an ally of Athens since a long time.
The Greek commander in charge for the Battle of Marathon was Miltiades. His army
consisted of about 11,000 people. The battle was delayed by five days, which was
an advantage to the Greek's as they had more time on their hands to arrange for
provisions. Miltiades ordered his army to attack the Persians at first sight. This
prevented the Persians from taking position and attacking the Greeks in a
systematic manner. The Greek hoplites were far superior to Persian for a hand-tohand fight. The Greeks maintained their formation and when the Persians
counterattacked they retreated in order. They closed in on the Persians. They were
able to defeat their enemies and join forces behind the Persian center, surrounding
it. The Persians were frightened and Greeks and broke down on them with great
force. Huge amount of army and cavalry was killed. About 6400 Persians were died
compared to 192 Athenians and 11 Plataeans.
It is said that a injure messenger traveled to Athens to inform the Athenians that
they were victorious in the war. As soon as he delivered the message he collapsed
and died on spot. This event is an inspiration for today's marathon.
After the battle ended the Persian commanders were given a signal of a raised
shield. They wanted to catch the Athenian army unguarded and then traveled to
Phaleron. The Athenians stationed two groups of their army at Phaleron and went
back to Athens. The Athenian army in Phaleron welcomed the Persians. The
Persians had to retreat back to their Asian base.
Importance of The Battle of Marathon:
The after effects of the Battle of Marathon were immense for both the Athenians
and the Persians. The Athenins had proved their strength in front of Persia who was
a strong enemy.
The Greeks started believing in their fighting power and after the Battle of Marathon
many Greek states gave up their support to Persia and decided to stand by Athens
and Sparta.
The Battle of Marathon was a big blow to the Persians who were such a powerful
rulers. While the Ionian revolt and their weakness at the sea were one of the
reasons, which were a threat to their power, Battle of Marathon was an indication to
weakening hold on Western part of their holdings. Reference:
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http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/history/marathon.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars
http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/greeks/history/ionianrevolt.htm
The Peloponnesian War ( 431 - 404 B.C )
The War fought between the two leading city-states in ancient Greece, Athens and
Sparta.
Description:
The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.) took place between the Athenian empire and
Peloponnesian league lead by the Spartans. The Peloponnesian league was a
coalition of the Thebes, Corinth and Sparta.
The war was divided into 3 phases: The Archidamian War, The Sicilian war and The
Ionian or Decelean War: phase. The war commenced on 4 April 431 B.C. when the
Thebans launched a surprise attack on Plataea, who as a partner of Athens. The war
ended on 25 April 404 B.C. when Athens surrendered...more »
The Archidamian War
With the exception of Corinth, both Sparta and Athens were land-ruling powers. The
war named after Sparta's king Archidamus II, started with Sparta accessing the
regions surrounding Athens i.e. Attica. Athens mainly consisted of the peninsula of
Attica and islands in the Aegean Sea. Athens had already removed their wealth from
these islands and controlled them through navy.
Sparta thought that attacking the productive land of Attica, it would pressurize
Athens to come forward to start the battle in a formal manner. Athens's army was
definitely inferior to Sparta and allies. But this attack did not have much effect of
Athens's because; their food supply mainly came from Egypt and Crimea.
The Spartan's attack on Athens lasted just forty days in 430 BC, because the
soldiers wanted to go back home during the harvest season. Back home the Spartan
control over their slaves (helots) could not be left loose.
Athens strategy was to rely was more on its fleet than on its army. Avoiding open
battle with the hoplites, they went on successful victories at Naupactus. Then again
in 430 BC, Athens was hit by an outbreak of Plague. Nearly 1/4th of its population
died along with General Pericles (who lead the first two years of the war) and his
sons. Manpower was considerably reduced and no one came forward to help fearing
infection. Even the Spartan invasion was kept on hold for the same reason. After the
death of Pericles started naval attacks on the coastal allies of Sparta, under the
leadership of Demosthenes. Their attack on the port of Pylos helped them
somewhat. This attack hit the Spartan, where it hurt the most, the helots. The
helots looked after the fields while the citizens fought for Sparta. In 425 BC Athens
captured 300-400 hoplites, which made Athens's position dominant.
But the Spartan's captured the colony of Amphipolis, which was used to finance the
war, under the control of General Brasidas. In the consequent battles both Brasidas
and Cleon (Athens's leader) died, leading to a truce.
Peace of Nicias:
The Peace of Nicias lasted for about six years. But small battles were fought around
Peloponnese. When the Sparta avoided any interference in this matter a coalition of
Argos, Mantinea and Elis. Argos revolted against Sparta. Spartan failed to break the
coalition.
The Battle of Mantinea was the largest fought during the Peloponnesian War. It was
the Lacedaemonians and the Tegeans against Argos, Athens, Mantinea, and
Arcadia. Sparta won the battle, retained control over Peloponnese and reestablished
their position.
The Sicilian war
Sicily was attacked by Syracuse in 416 BC. Under the able guidance of Alcibiades,
they dreamt of conquering the whole of Sicily. Athens could loot Sicily, as it was a
flourishing region. But then Alcibiades was held for crimes against religious statues
(hermai). Alcibiades was allowed for the Sicilian expedition but on arriving called
back to Athens for trial. He fled to Sparta and Nicias was the new leader. Alcibiades
became a Spartan messenger.
Nicias delayed the attack and Syracuse was left with no harm. The delay helped
Syracuse who raised forces with the help of Sparta and other Sicilian cities. They
defeated the Athenian's and prevented them from entering Syracuse. Demosthenes
from Athens joined Nicias for help to attack Sicily. But the Athenian's were defeated
once again. A late withdraws due to lunar eclipse and the battle ensued in the Great
Harbor of Syracuse. Nicias and Demosthenes fleet was faced a major and
embarrassing defeat.
The Ionian or Decelean War
Sparta recommenced war in 414 BC. Now Sparta had a strong army and navy.
Athens had lost all its best sailors and finances were wearing. The Spartan on King
Agis orders occupied Decelea so that Athens could not access their silver mines. The
Athenian empire started to fall apart due to attack after attack. Persia entered the
war to support Sparta. The Athenian navy called back Alcibiades, who had fled to
Sparta, to help them.
The food sources of Sicily and Egypt were under the control of Sparta and Egypt.
Athens only support was in form of Crimea. The Athenians under Thrasybulus and
Thrasylus defeated the Spartans at Cynossema. Athens also enjoyed a naval victory
over Persia at Cyzicus at the Sea of Marmora.
Sparta saw a new leadership in the form of Lysander who along with Persian leader
Cyrus started to builds a new armada. Alcibiades divided his forces and left one at
Athens is the symbol of freedom, art, and democracy in the conscience of the
civilized world. The capital of Greece took its name from the goddess Athena, the
goddess of wisdom and knowledge.
In Athens memory never fades. Wherever you stand, wherever you turn, the city's
long and rich history will be alive in front of you. This is where that marvel of
architecture, the Parthenon, was created. This is where art became inseparable
from life, and this is where Pericles gave the funerary speech, that monument of the
spoken word. In the centre of town are two hills, the Acropolis with the monuments
from the Age of Pericles, and Lycabettus with the picturesque chapel of Ai Giorgis.
Ancient ruins provide a vivid testimony to the glory of Athens, hailed by many
people as the cradle of western civilization.
Sparta a beautiful town near the river Evrotas, located in the centre of the
Peloponnese in southern Greece, is the capital of the prefecture of Lakonia. SPARTA
( known in Greek as Sparti) has a history which dates back to the Neolithic period,
at least 3,000 years before Christ.
Even in its most prosperous days, it was merely a group of five villages with simple
houses and a few public buildings. The passes leading into the valley of the Evrotas
were easily defended, and Sparta had no walls until the end of the 4th century BC.
The city itself was destroyed by the Goths under their king, Alaric I, in 396 AD.
Modern Sparta, founded by the government in 1834, occupies part of the site of
ancient Sparta and is the capital of the department of Laconia. Excavations of the
ancient city have uncovered ruins of temples and public buildings as well as a
theatre dating from the Roman period, but the sparse remains are insignificant for a
city of such renown in antiquity. returning as the damage had been done. He was
called back to Athens, probably for his trial, and he therefore fled to Hellespont.
Callicratidas was the next leader after Lysander left. He attacked the Athenian
harbor of Mitylene. Athens sailed their fleet in the battle of Arginusae where Sparta
lost. Callicratidas lost his life due to drowning. Sparta offered peace but Athens
refused.
Athens sailed to Aegospotami in Hellespont. Lysander was called back and he was
based at the harbor of Abydos, opposite Aegospotami. Lysander captured the entire
Athenian fleet and smashed and bringing the war to an end in just one attack.
Lysander blocked Athens through its naval power, while the army attacked on land.
With food supply closed, Athens surrendered on Spartan terms.
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stirrups. It was only wealthy people that could pay for such training,
equipment, and feed of both the rider and the horses. So whichever horse
won it was not the rider who was awarded the Olive wreath but the owner.
There were also Chariot races, that consisted of both 2-horse and 4-horse
chariot races, with separate races for chariots drawn by foals. There was also
a race was between carts drawn by a team of 2 mules, which was 12 laps of
the stadium track.
After the horse-racing came the pentathlon, a series of five events: sprinting,
long-jumping, javelin-hurling, discus-throwing, and wrestling.
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The ancient Greeks considered the rhythm and precision of an athlete
throwing the discus as important as his strength.
The discus was a circle shaped stone, iron, bronze, or lead. There were
different sizes according to age groups. The javelin was a long wooden stick
shape with spear head, similar height to that of a person. In the middle was
bound a thong for a hurler's fingers to grip and guide to the correct angle it
was thrown.
To Jump long distances athletes used lead or stone weights to increase the
length of the jump. These weights were known as 'halteres' were held in front
of the athlete during his ascent, and then swung behind his back and dropped
during his descent to help propel him.
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Hellenic and Hellenistic Societies
Chronology sites:
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Greek Chronology Greece 1200 - 300 B.C
Chronology: Greece
General history sites:
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The History of Ancient Greece
History of Macedonia
The unknown Ancient Hellenic History
Internet Ancient History Sourcebook Greece and Hellenism
oes, Events, Mythical Creatures and Greek culture in general. Many of the statues
that have survived are actually of Roman origin. Like many people today the
Romans had a deep respect for Greek sculptures and many were copied. If the
Romans had not made these copies, many of the Greek Legends and stories that we
know today would have been lost to antiquity. Greek sculptures are mainly divided
into 7 time periods - Mycenaean Art, Sub-Mycenaean or Dark Age, Proto-Geometric,
Geometric Art, Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic