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Origins of Civilization The Paleolithic • Old Stone Age • 1-2 million years ago to 10,000 BCE • Hunting (men) • Gathering (women) • Small, nomadic bands • Stone tools • Earliest remains found in Africa The Neolithic • New Stone Age • Neolithic/Agricultural Revolution • Domesticate plants and animals • Produce own food • Transition from h/g nomadic life to settled farming villages • Neolithic grind stone for processing grain • A Sumerian Harvester's sickle dated to 3000 BC Neolithic Village • Archaeologists excavate clay floors and hearth at a 7,000year-old village in Egypt. The site is home to the earliest farm settlement yet found in Egypt. Photograph courtesy UCLA/RUG Faiyum Project/Willeke Wendrich Beginning of Civilization • Earliest civilizations all near rivers • Stable water supply for drinking, irrigation, and transportation • Surplus food allows a growing population to live in settled farming villages Annual Flooding on the Nile Characteristics of Civilizations • It is a complex, highly organized social order • Complex religion • Social classes • Monumental architecture • Writing • Cities Old World Civilizations • Sumer- Fertile Crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers • Egypt-Nile River Valley • Indus River ValleyIndia/Pakistan • Yellow River-China New World Civilizations • All the civilizations in the Americas are away from river valleys • Maya-Yucatan and Central America • Aztec-CentraI Mexico • Inca-Andes Mountains in Peru Some Things to Remember • Civilizations (cultures) change over time • Cultural diffusion is the spread of ideas, customs, technologies from one people to another • Cities grow into city-states • These are political units that include the city and surrounding villages • Leads to empires