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Social Studies 10R Study guide for test #1 Topics: 1. Paleolithic Age [Old Stone Age] Nomads- people who move from place to place Hunter-gatherers-people who moved in search of food People tended to live is small groups 2. Neolithic Age [New Stone Age] Prehistory- time before written language “Slash and Burn” – clear land for farming 3. Neolithic Revolution [Agricultural Revolution] Change from hunter-gatherers to farming Change from nomadic life to permanent settlements Domestication of plants and animals Led to development of villages and later cities Food surplus lead to increased population 4. Characteristics of Civilizations Cities [public works] Record keeping- writing systems allowed history to be recorded Job specialization/social classes Complex organizations [government and religion] 5. River Valley Civilizations Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, Yellow Rivers provided irrigation and transportation Allowed early civilizations to grow and succeed 6. Mesopotamia [Fertile Crescent] “Land between two rivers” –Tigris and Euphrates Location of earliest civilization a. Sumer Organized into city-states Polytheistic [belief in many gods] o Built ziggurats [temples] to worship gods Writing system [Cuneiform]- wedge shaped writing done by scribes; each shape represents an idea b. Babylonia Code of Hammurabi o First written set of laws o Based on principle of “an eye for an eye” c. Phoenicians Created the alphabet based on sounds Traded with groups along the Mediterranean d. Assyrians 7. Egypt Developed along the Nile River o Nile provided fertile soil and water for irrigation Deserts provided natural barriers History is divided into 3 kingdoms Viewed pharaohs as gods Ra, sun god, most important Belief in afterlife o Mummification to preserve body Hieroglyphics- writing system Built pyramids as tombs for pharaohs o Needed an organized government, supply of stone, excellent math and engineering skills