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AXIAL SKELETON (Note - You will only be tested on bones and bone markers, not additional contextual information) SKULL Sutures o Coronal, Sagittal, Lambdoidal, Squamous Cranial Bones o Frontal Bone o o Temporal Bones Zygomatic process - w/ zygomatic bone forms zygomatic arch or cheekbone Mandibular fossa - articulates w/ condyle of mandible to form the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) Mastoid process External auditory meatus - outer ear canal, ends at the tympanic membrane Petrous portion - houses the middle and inner ears Internal auditory meatus - outlet for the cranial nerve carrying sensory information from the inner ear Occipital Bone Foramen magnum - opening where spinal cord enters cranium o o o Occipital condyles - articulate w/ first cervical vertebra (C1 or atlas) Sphenoid Bone Greater and Lesser wings Optic foramina - passage for the optic nerve Sella turcica - holds the pituitary gland Ethmoid Bone Cribriform plate - forms the roof of the nasal cavity, perforated by the olfactory foramina to allow passage of olfactory neurons Crista galli - projection of the cribiform plate into the cranial cavity that serves as a point of attachment for the meninges Perpendicular plate – forms the top portion of the external nasal septum Parietal Bones Facial Bones o Nasal Bones o Maxillary Bones Palatine process - transverse shelf of bone that forms the anterior 2/3 of the hard palate (roof of the mouth) o Lacrimal Bones Lacrimal foramen or sulcus- holds the tear duct o Zygomatic Bones - form the anterior portion of the zygomatic arches (cheekbones) o Palatine Bones Horizontal plate - forms the posterior portion of the hard palate o Vomer - inferior portion of the nasal septum o Inferior nasal conchae o Mandible Mandibular condyles - articulate with the mandibular fossae of the temporal bones STERNUM o Xiphoid process RIBS o o o True ribs - Pairs 1-7, attach directly to sternum False ribs - Pairs 8-10, attach to costal cartilages of the rib above Floating ribs - Pairs 11-12, no anterior attachment VERTEBRAE o Parts of a Typical Vertebra Body Vertebral foramen - allows passage of the spinal cord Transverse processes Spinous process Intervertebral foramina - allow passage of spinal nerves o Regional Differences in Vertebrae Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7) • C1 or atlas: articulates with the occipital condyles • C2 or axis: • dens articulates w/ C1 • Body – small or absent • Transverse foramina - openings in the transverse processes, allow passage of arteries and veins • Spinous processes – bifid (except C1, C7) Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12) • Body – heart-shaped • Spinous processes - long, slender and projected downward Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5) • Body - large and heavy • Spinous process - square and short Sacral vertebrae - fused to form the sacrum Coccygeal vertebrae - fused to form the coccyx