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Axial Skeleton: A Checklist of Bones and Select Bony Landmarks The axial skeleton is composed of 80 bones that support and protect organs of the head, neck, and torso -Includes: o The skull o Hyoid bone o Vertebral column o Thoracic cage (rib cage) o ear ossicles (bones) The Skull The skull can be divided into two components: o Cranial bones form a bony cavity that harbors and protects the brain and houses organs of hearing and equilibrium. o Facial bones provide the shape of the face, house the teeth, and provide attachments for all the muscles of facial expressions Specific bony regions of the skull include: o Sutures o Orbit of eye o Paranasal sinuses o Nasal septum o Hard palate o Fontanels in the fetus and newborn Cranial Bones Frontal bone (2) o Frontal sinus Parietal bone (2) Temporal bone (2) o External auditory meatus o Mastoid process o Styloid process o Zygomatic process o Mandibular fossa o Internal auditory meatus Occipital bone (1) o Foramen magnum o Occipital condyles Ethmoid bone (1) o Cribiform plates with olfactory foramina o Crista galli between cribiform plates o Olfactory foramina o Perpendicular plate (makes up superior portion of nasal septum) o Conchae o Ethmoid sinus Sphenoid bone (1) o Sella turcica Human Anatomy and Physiology Jason Taylor MSc page 1 o Greater and lesser wings o Optic foramina o Pterygoid processes (medial and lateral) o Ethmoid sinus Skull Sutures (Synarthroses) Coronal Sagittal Lambdoid Squamous (2) Facial Bones: Maxilla (2) o Alveoli o Palatine process Zygomatic bone (2) o Temporal process Lacrimal bone (2) o Lacrimal fossa Nasal bone (2) Palatine bone (2) Mandible (1) o Alveoli o Body o Mental foramina o Rami o Condylar processes (mandibular condyles) o Coronoid processes Vomer (makes up inferior portion of nasal septum) Specific Bony Regions of the Skull Bones of the Eye Orbit o 7 different bones 3 Cranial bones Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid 4 Facial bones: Maxilla Zygomatic Lacrimal Palatine Paranasal Sinuses o Mucous lined membranes found in the ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, and sphenoid bones Nasal Septum: o Separates nasal cavities o Composed of 2 bones and cartilage Human Anatomy and Physiology Jason Taylor MSc page 2 Vomer (inferior bony part of bony septum) Perpendicular Plate of ethmoid bone (superior part of bony septum) o Septal Cartilage (anterior to the 2 bones) Hard Palate o Forms bony roof of mouth o Composed of 4 bones fused together 2 Palatine Processes of Maxillary bones 2 Palatine bones Fontanels o “Soft spots”; areas of newborn skull that is not completely ossified/developed Anterior fontanel Posterior fontanel Hyoid Bone Not attached to axial skeleton Located below mandible and anterior to vertebrae Vertebral Column Regions 5 Regions of Spinal Column o Cervical (7) vertebrae o Thoracic (12) vertebrae o Lumbar (5) vertebrae o Sacral (1) vertebrae o Coccygeal (1) vertebrae Normal Curvatures of Vertebral Column: 4 Curvatures of Spinal curve o Cervical curve o Thoracic curve o Lumbar curve o Sacral (pelvic) curve Parts of Typical Vertebra Body (1) Pedicle (2) Transverse Process (2) o Superior facet (2) o Inferior facet (2) Lamina (2) Spinous Process (1) Vertebral Arch Individual Vertebrae Cervical vertebrae (7) o Distinct landmarks Vertebral foramen Transverse foramina (2) Human Anatomy and Physiology Jason Taylor MSc page 3 Bifurcated spinous process (C3-C7) Special cervical vertebrae Atlas First vertebra (C1) Large superior articular facets articulate w/ occipital condyles of skull Axis: Second vertebra (C2) Dens or Odontoid Process Thoracic Vertebrae (12) o Distinct landmarks Look like “giraffes” Large superior and inferior articular facets Well-developed transverse processes with articular surfaces for ribs Long narrow spinous processes Lumbar Vertebrae o Distinct landmarks Look like “moose” Large kidney-shaped bodies Large hatchet-shaped spinous process Sacrum and coccyx o Composed of 5 fused sacral vertebrae and 3 fused coccygeal vertebrae o Landmarks Base Allae (2) Sacral Promontory Sacral Foramina Sacral Canal Sacral hiatus Superior articular processes (2) Auricular surfaces o Thoracic Cage Bony cage that protects and supports the heart and lungs Composed of the sternum and ribs o Sternum Manubrium Suprasternal notch / jugular notch Sternal angle Xiphoid process o Ribs True ribs (7 pairs / ribs 1-7) Attach directly to sternum False ribs (5 pairs / ribs 8-12) Do not attach directly to sternum Two types o Vertebrochondral (3 pairs / ribs 8-10) Human Anatomy and Physiology Jason Taylor MSc page 4 o Human Anatomy and Physiology Share attachment with rib 7 above Floating ribs (2 pairs / ribs 11-12) No attachment to sternum and no cartilage Jason Taylor MSc page 5