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IN THIS UNIT YOU WILL… LEARN WHY THE ROMAN EMPIRE ENDED IDENTIFY THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE UNDERSTAND THE ORGANISATION AND EVOLUTION OF THE BYZANTINE CHURCH AND RELIGIOUS ART LEARN ABOUT THE ORIGINS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE MOST HISTORIANS DATE THE END OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND THE BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGES TO 476, WITH THE FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE, LATER KNOWN AS THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE, LASTED UNTIL 1453 THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE FELL AS A RESULT OF THE INVASIONS OF GERMANIC TRIBES Jonh Green video about the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of Byzantium (15´) THE ROMANS HAD CREATED A GREAT EMPIRE AROUND THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA IN 395 EMPEROR THEODOSIUS DIVIDED THE EMPIRE INTO TWO PARTS GERMANIC TRIBES SETTLED INSIDE THE FRONTIERS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE AS ITS POLITICAL AND MILITARY AUTHORITY WEAKENED DURING THE 5TH AND 6TH CENTURIES, SOME OF THOSE INVADER TRIBES FORMED KINGDOMS, WHICH SOMETIMES BECAME THE PRECURSORS OF LATER EUROPEAN STATES. AMONG THE MOST IMPORTANT WERE THE FRANKS IN GAUL AND THE VISIGOTHS IN HISPANIA THE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY OF EUROPE CHANGED UNTIL IT WAS BASED ALMOST ENTIRELY ON THE USE OF THE LAND. WE CALL THIS PROCESS… THE RURALISATION OF EUROPE LITTLE BY LITTLE THE LOWER SOCIAL GROUPS (COLONI) ENDED UP WORKING FOR THE LORDS AND BECAME SERFS (TIED TO THE PIECE OF LAND) THE UPPER CLASSES DID NOT LIVE IN THE CITIES ANY MORE IN THE SIXTH CENTURY A NEW RELIGION EMERGED THAT FOLLOWED THE TEACHINGS OF MUHAMMAD THE BIZANTINES (EAST) THE CATHOLIC CHRISTIANS (WEST) THE MUSLIMS (EAST AND SOUTH) IN THE NEXT CENTURY, THE MUSLIMS, FOLLOWERS OF THIS RELIGION, CONQUERED A NUMBER OF TERRITORIES THAT HAD BEEN PART OF THE EASTERN AND WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRES THUS, THREE CIVILISATIONS BEGAN TO FIGHT FOR A SHARE OF THE TERRITORIES THAT ONCE CONSTITUTED THE ROMAN EMPIRE AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMAN WESTERN EMPIRE, THE EASTERN PART, BYZANTIUM SURVIVED AND MANAGED TO KEEP THE IDEALS AND TRADITIONS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE ALIVE FOR MORE THAN A THOUSAND YEARS THE CAPITAL WAS ESTABLISHED IN CONSTANTINOPLE IT HAD BEEN FOUNDED BY THE ROMAN EMPEROR CONSTANTINE IN THE YEAR 324. THE CITY WAS ON THE SITE OF A GREEK COLONY CALLED BYZANTIUM, WHICH GAVE ITS NAME TO THE EMPIRE THE CITY IS NOW CALLED ISTANBUL 1 2 WHEN THE EASTERN BALKANS PART OF THE ROMAN DURING THE 5TH GREECE EMPIRE WAS DIVIDED CENTURY IT RESISTED FINALLY, THE CONQUEST OF ASIA FROM THE WESTERN CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE ATTACKS FROM MINOR PART, ITS TERRITORIES 1453 MARKED THE BARBARIANS SYRIA SUFFERED MANYTURKS IN (FOREIGNERS) ENDEGYPT OF THE EMPIRE ATTACKS ON ITS FRONTIERES 6 5 THE GREATEST LOSS TOOK PLACE DURING THE 11TH WHEN THE NORMANS INVADED THE ITALIAN TERRITORIES AND THE CRUSADERS CAPTURED SOME OF THE TERRITORIES IN THE EAST 4 INT THE 7TH CENTURY THE MUSLIMS CONQUERED THE RICHEST PROVINCES OF THE BE (SYRIA, PALESTINE AND EGYPT) 3 DURING THE 6TH CENTURY, IT GREW MORE THAN EVER UNDER EMPEROR JUSTINIAN (527-565) WHO TRIED TO ESTABLISH THE UNITY AND SPLENDOUR OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE THE EMPIRE WAS CONTROLLED BY THE EMPEROR, OR BASILEUS, WHO HELD THE SUPREME AUTHORITY THE ROMAN LEGAL SYSTEM WAS MODERNISED BY EMPEROR JUSTINIAN WHO DEVELOPED A NEW LEGAL CODE: THE CORPUS IURIS CIVILIS, ALSO KNOWN AS… THE JUSTINIAN CODE BYZANTIUM WAS A THEOCRACY, SO THE EMPEROR HAD BOTH POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS POWER, INCLUDING THE ARMY HOWEVER, SUCH A LARGE EMPIRE ALSO REQUIRED LOTS OF CIVIL SERVANTS TO APPLY THE LAWS MOST OF THE POPULATION WORKED IN AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES BUT, WHILE THE FARMERS WERE MOSTLY SERFS AND SLAVES, THE LAND WAS OWNED BY NOBLES TRADE WAS ALSO VERY IMPORTANT BECAUSE OF THE STRATEGIC LOCATION OF CONSTANTINOPLE. SILK FROM CHINA SPICES, IVORY AND PEARLS FROM INDIA SO, ALL TYPES OF PRODUCTS WERE TRADED AMBER, FURS AND GRAIN FROM NORTHERN EUROPE THE CHURCH HAD A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN SOCIETY, IT CROWNED THE EMPEROR, IT WAS VERY RICH AND POWERFUL LANDOWNER, AND IT HAD ENJOYED SPIRITUAL AUTHORITY OVER THE POPULATION HOWEVER, IT ALSO HAD TO CONFRONT MANY PROBLEMS SUCH AS: THE ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY THE EAST-WEST SCHISM ICONOCLASM FROM THE GREEK “THE BREAKING OF IMAGES” WHEN BYZANTINE EMPERORS ORDERED IMAGES TO BE REMOVED FROM THE TEMPLES THESE LAWS CAUSED RIOTS AND FIGHTS BETWEEN THE MONKS AND THE POPULATION AND THE RULING CLASS, FINALLY THE REPRESENTATION OF THE IMAGES WAS REESTABLISHED IT BANNED REPRESENTATIONS OF CHRIST, GOD OR SAINTS AS IMAGES OR, FROM USING THEM FOR CULT WORSHIP SCHISM OR SPLIT IT WAS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE RIVALRY BETWEEN THE POPE IN ROME AND THE PATRIARCH IN CONSTANTINOPLE, WHO REFUSED TO RECOGNISE THE SUPREMACY OF THE POPE OVER CHRISTIANITY THE CONFRONTATION ENDED IN 1054 WHIT THE DIVISION OF THE CHURCH INTO TWO INDEPENDENT BRANCHES THE ORTHODOX CHRISTIAN CHURCH THE CATHOLIC CHRISTIAN CHURCH BYZANTINE CIVILISATION WAS A MIXTURE OF GREEK, ROMAN AND EASTERN CULTURE. (GREEK INFLUENCE WAS ESPECIALLY STRONG). GREAT LIBRARIES KEPT MANUSCRIPTS OF ANCIENT GREEK AND ROMAN TEXTS THAT WERE UNKNOWN IN THE WEST, PRESERVING THEM FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS. BYZANTINE ART DEVELOPED FROM THE ART OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND INCORPORATED INFLUENCES FORM ORIENTAL ART THE MOST NOTABLE BUILDINGS OF BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE ARE THE CHURCHES AND, AMONG THEM, THE CHURCH OF HAGIA SOPHIA IN CONSTANTINOPLE WAS A MASTERPICE OF THIS ART BUILT BY ORDER OF CONSTANTINE IN THE 6TH CENTURY DISCUSS WITH YOUR PARTNER THE ELEMENTS YOU DISTINGUISH. WRITE YOUR IDEAS IN YOUR NOTEBOOK dES THE GREEK CROSS PLAN WITH FOUR NAVES OF EQUAL SIZE CHURCHES WERE OFTEN BUILT WITH BRICK, OCCASIONALLY COVERED WITH MARBLE ON THE OUTSIDE AND DECORATED WITH RICH MOSAICS INSIDE LARGE DOMES RESTING ON PILLARS H ICONS WERE USUALLY PAINTED ON A WOODEN SURFACE EXPLAIN THE TERMS HIGHLIGHTED IN OTHER COLOURS AND AFTER DONE DISCUSS YOUR ANSWERS WITH YOUR PARTNER THE GREEK CROSS PLAN WITH FOUR NAVES OF EQUAL SIZE SIDE NAVE SIDE DOMES CENTRAL NAVE H APSE ATRIUM SIDE NAVE CENTRAL DOME HAGIA SOPHIA´S PLAN CHURCHES WERE OFTEN BUILT WITH BRICK, OCCASIONALLY COVERED WITH MARBLE ON THE OUTSIDE AND DECORATED WITH RICH MOSAICS INSIDE SAN VITAL DI RAVENA LARGE DOMES RESTING ON PILLARS Hagia Sophia interior: dome, pendentives and half domes CAPITALS WERE ORIGINAL AND CHARACTERISTIC HAGIA SOPHIA HALF DOME Central dome Arch Pendentive Central Nave Apse Half dome Windows Upper floor or gallery Buttresses Side Nave Atrium HAGIA SOPHIA AFTER THE ROMAN EMPIRE BROKE UP, MOST OF EUROPE WAS DIVIDED INTO SMALL GERMANIC KINGDOMS THE FRANKISH KINGDOM WAS CREATED IN THE 6TH CENTURY, BUT BY THE 8TH THE REAL RULERS WERE ITS LEADING OFFICIALS. THE MOST IMPORTANT OFFICIAL WAS CHARLES MARTEL, WHO LED THE FORCES THAT STOPPED MUSLIM EXPANSION IN THE BATTLE OF POITIERS (732) CHARLES MARTEL´S DESCENDANTS BECAME THE FRANKISH KINGS. HIS SON, PEPIN THE SHORT, DECLARED HIMSELF KING IN 751. HIS GRANDSON, CHARLEMAGNE, CONTINUED FRANKISH CONQUESTS UNTIL HE WAS THE RULER OF MANY TERRITORIES IN PRESENT-DAY FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY AND NORTHERN SPAIN THE FRANKISH KINGDOM WAS NOW THE LEADING POWER IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE. FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE THE END OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE, A VAST TERRITORY WAS UNITED UNDER A SINGLE RULER. ON CHRISTMAS DAY IN 800, POPE LEO III RECOGNISED THIS BY CROWNING CHARLEMAGNE EMPEROR OF THE WEST. THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE TOOK HIS NAME AFTER CHARLEMAGNE DIED, THE EMPIRE, HOWEVER, WOULD NOT LAST LONG BECAUSE IT WAS DIVIDED AMONG HIS THREE GRANDSONS, ACCORDING TO THE TREATY OF VERDUN IN 843 (AFTER LOUIS THE PIOUS´ DEATH…) THIS DIVISION IS THE VERY DISTANT ORIGIN OF THE LATER EMERGENCE OF FRANCE AND GERMANY THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE WAS NOT LIKE A MODERN STATE, AND IT WAS HELD TOGETHER BY THE PERSONAL PRESTIGE OF THE EMPEROR. IT HAD MANY PEOPLES WHO SPOKE DIFFERENT LANGUAGES. THE EMPEROR HAD ALL THE MILITARY AND POLITICAL POWER, AND EVEN INTERVENED IN CHURCH ISSUES TO CONTROL SUCH A BIG TERRITORY IT WAS DIVIDED UP COUNTS RULED IN THE PROVINCES, OR COUNTIES, AND THE EMPEROR SENT INSPECTION TEAMS, THE MISSI DOMINICI (“THE LORD´S MESSENGERS”), TO CONTROL THEM Charlamagne and its empire (10´) . Clear and complete BORDER AREAS, CALLED MARCHES, WERE STRONGLY PROTECTED BY MARQUISES LIKE ALL EUROPE IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES, THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE WAS OVERWHELMINGLY RURAL. THE EMPEROR GRANTED GREAT STATES TO LORDS, AND PEASANTS WORKING ON THE LAND SOME PEASANTS WERE FREE MEN AND WOMEN AND SOME WERE SERFS. THE SERFS, DESCENDANTS OF SLAVES, BELONGED TO THE LAND AND COULD NOT MOVE AWAY WHITHOUT LORD´S PERMISSION THERE WAS VERY LITTLE COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY, AND THERE WER ONLY A FEW CITIES SUCH AS PARIS AND AACHEN DURING CHARLEMAGNE´S REIGN THERE WAS A REVIVAL OF CULTURE INSPIRED BY THE ROMAN MODELS. LITERATURE, WRITING, ARCHITECTURE AND THE ARTS WERE PROMOTED AND ACQUIRED GREAT IMPORTANCE HE BUILT A PALACE N HIS NEW CAPITAL AT AACHEN, USING THE REMAINS OF ROMAN BUILDINGS (TODAY ONLY THE PALATINE CHAPELLE REMAINS) CHARLEMAGNE ESTABLISHED A CENTRE OF LEARNING UNDER A SCHOLAR CALLED ALCUIN, WHERE LATIN SCHOLARS CAME TO LIVE THESE SCHOLARS COPIED LATIN MANUSCRIPTS THAT HAD SURVIVED FROM THE FORMER ROMAN EMPIRE. LATIN WAS USEDAS THE LANGUAGE OF ADMINTRATION AND IN EDUCATION THE CLASSICAL CURRICULUM WAS ADOPTED (TRIVIUM AND QUADRIVIUM) THIS MODEST ATTEMPT TO RENEW THE CULTURE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE WAS CALLED THE CAROLINGIAN RENAISSANCE. BUT IT HAD LITTLE INFLUENCE AFTER CHARLEMAGNE´S DEATH Merovingians • Merovingian is derived from the leader of the tribe of Franks • First dynasty after the Romans and ruled for 300 years • Leader in 481 CE was Clovis I- he united Frankish tribes and expanded territory • His conversion to Christianity won him support from the Church • Clovis I wrote Salic Law - assigned a specific financial value to everyone and everything; concept of trial options (trial by oath and trial by ordeal) • Merovingian's founded and built many monasteries, churches and palaces and spread Christianity throughout Western Europe • IMPACT = Eventually dynasty declined as kings relaxed power and became more like figure heads whereas the real power lay with the powerful officials and leading aristocracy Carolingians • Rise of aristocratic Charles Martel who dominated Frankish kingdom in 8th century • He confiscated land given to Church and began Church reforms that would restore spirituality to clerical life • His son Pepin the Short continued Church reforms and eventually with the support of reformed Church, removed last Merovingian king from throne • Established the Carolingian dynasty, named to protect the papacy and establish the pope and bishops are the makers of kings • Greatest legacy was Charles the Great, or Charlemagne The Holy Roman Empire & Charlemagne • Charlemagne (Charles the Great) who was a military general and restored Pope Leo III who had been exiled • In return, Leo placed a crown on Charlemagne and named him the “Emperor of the Romans” which secured the relationship between Frankish kings and the papacy • Charlemagne became the first ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, a dynasty that would last for more than 700 years • Charlemagne- imposed order on empire through the Church and state • Ordered the standardization of Latin, textbooks, manuals for preaching, schools for clergy and people, new form of handwriting • All these promoted education and scholars and produced a precise written language (Latin) Monasticism and Saints • Monks were people who gave up worldly possessions and devote themselves to a religious life • Established between 400 -700 communities called monasteries which became centres of education, literacy and learning • Strict codes of monastic conduct called Rule of St. Benedict • Saints- one who performs miracles that are interpreted as evidence of a special relationship with God • St. Augustine- wrote “Confessions” which discussed ideas of ethics, self knowledge, and the role of free will which shaped monastic tradition and the influence of Church Slaves and Serfs • Slaves made up of conquered peoples • Some treated harshly, while other were treated fairly • Rural slaves became serfs, who worked the land and provided labour for owner (in return from protection) • Set up for system of feudalism Birth of Modern Languages • Development of Middle Ages • New languages born through migration, resettlement, conflict and changes • Old English (Anglo Saxon) began to incorporate words borrowed from Latin and Old French, Old German and Old Norse • Roots of contemporary Spanish, Italian and other Romance languages