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IN THIS UNIT YOU WILL…
LEARN WHY THE ROMAN EMPIRE ENDED
IDENTIFY THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
UNDERSTAND THE ORGANISATION AND
EVOLUTION OF THE BYZANTINE CHURCH
AND RELIGIOUS ART
LEARN ABOUT THE ORIGINS AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CAROLINGIAN
EMPIRE
MOST HISTORIANS DATE THE END
OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND THE
BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGES
TO 476, WITH THE FALL OF THE
WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
THE EASTERN ROMAN
EMPIRE, LATER KNOWN AS
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE,
LASTED UNTIL 1453
THE WESTERN ROMAN
EMPIRE FELL AS A RESULT OF
THE INVASIONS OF GERMANIC
TRIBES
Jonh Green video about the fall of
the Roman Empire and the
beginning of Byzantium (15´)
THE ROMANS HAD CREATED A
GREAT EMPIRE AROUND THE
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
IN 395 EMPEROR THEODOSIUS
DIVIDED THE EMPIRE INTO TWO
PARTS
GERMANIC TRIBES
SETTLED INSIDE THE
FRONTIERS OF THE
ROMAN EMPIRE AS ITS
POLITICAL AND
MILITARY AUTHORITY
WEAKENED
DURING THE 5TH
AND 6TH
CENTURIES, SOME
OF THOSE
INVADER TRIBES
FORMED
KINGDOMS,
WHICH
SOMETIMES
BECAME THE
PRECURSORS OF
LATER EUROPEAN
STATES.
AMONG THE
MOST IMPORTANT
WERE THE FRANKS
IN GAUL AND THE
VISIGOTHS IN
HISPANIA
THE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY OF EUROPE
CHANGED UNTIL IT WAS BASED ALMOST
ENTIRELY ON THE USE OF THE LAND. WE
CALL THIS PROCESS…
THE
RURALISATION OF
EUROPE
LITTLE BY LITTLE THE LOWER
SOCIAL GROUPS (COLONI) ENDED
UP WORKING FOR THE LORDS
AND BECAME SERFS (TIED TO THE
PIECE OF LAND)
THE UPPER CLASSES DID NOT
LIVE IN THE CITIES ANY
MORE
IN THE SIXTH CENTURY A NEW
RELIGION EMERGED THAT
FOLLOWED THE TEACHINGS OF
MUHAMMAD
THE BIZANTINES
(EAST)
THE CATHOLIC
CHRISTIANS
(WEST)
THE MUSLIMS
(EAST AND
SOUTH)
IN THE NEXT CENTURY, THE
MUSLIMS, FOLLOWERS OF THIS
RELIGION, CONQUERED A
NUMBER OF TERRITORIES THAT
HAD BEEN PART OF THE EASTERN
AND WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRES
THUS, THREE
CIVILISATIONS BEGAN TO
FIGHT FOR A SHARE OF
THE TERRITORIES THAT
ONCE CONSTITUTED THE
ROMAN EMPIRE
AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMAN WESTERN EMPIRE, THE
EASTERN PART, BYZANTIUM SURVIVED AND MANAGED
TO KEEP THE IDEALS AND TRADITIONS OF THE ROMAN
EMPIRE ALIVE FOR MORE THAN A THOUSAND YEARS
THE CAPITAL WAS
ESTABLISHED IN
CONSTANTINOPLE
IT HAD BEEN FOUNDED BY THE ROMAN
EMPEROR CONSTANTINE IN THE YEAR 324.
THE CITY WAS ON THE SITE OF A GREEK
COLONY CALLED BYZANTIUM, WHICH GAVE
ITS NAME TO THE EMPIRE
THE CITY IS
NOW
CALLED
ISTANBUL
1
2
WHEN THE EASTERN
BALKANS
PART OF THE ROMAN
DURING THE 5TH
GREECE
EMPIRE WAS DIVIDED
CENTURY IT RESISTED
FINALLY,
THE CONQUEST OF
ASIA
FROM THE WESTERN
CONSTANTINOPLE
BY THE ATTACKS FROM
MINOR
PART, ITS TERRITORIES
1453 MARKED THE BARBARIANS
SYRIA
SUFFERED MANYTURKS IN
(FOREIGNERS)
ENDEGYPT
OF THE EMPIRE
ATTACKS ON ITS
FRONTIERES
6
5
THE GREATEST LOSS
TOOK PLACE DURING
THE 11TH WHEN THE
NORMANS INVADED
THE ITALIAN
TERRITORIES AND THE
CRUSADERS
CAPTURED SOME OF
THE TERRITORIES IN
THE EAST
4
INT THE 7TH CENTURY
THE MUSLIMS
CONQUERED THE
RICHEST PROVINCES OF
THE BE (SYRIA,
PALESTINE AND EGYPT)
3
DURING THE 6TH
CENTURY, IT GREW
MORE THAN EVER
UNDER EMPEROR
JUSTINIAN (527-565)
WHO TRIED TO
ESTABLISH THE UNITY
AND SPLENDOUR OF
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
THE EMPIRE WAS CONTROLLED BY
THE EMPEROR, OR BASILEUS, WHO
HELD THE SUPREME AUTHORITY
THE ROMAN LEGAL SYSTEM
WAS MODERNISED BY
EMPEROR JUSTINIAN WHO
DEVELOPED A NEW LEGAL
CODE: THE CORPUS IURIS
CIVILIS, ALSO KNOWN AS…
THE JUSTINIAN
CODE
BYZANTIUM WAS A
THEOCRACY, SO THE
EMPEROR HAD BOTH
POLITICAL AND
RELIGIOUS POWER,
INCLUDING THE ARMY
HOWEVER, SUCH A LARGE
EMPIRE ALSO REQUIRED
LOTS OF CIVIL SERVANTS
TO APPLY THE LAWS
MOST OF THE POPULATION
WORKED IN AGRICULTURAL
ACTIVITIES BUT, WHILE THE
FARMERS WERE MOSTLY
SERFS AND SLAVES, THE
LAND WAS OWNED BY
NOBLES
TRADE WAS ALSO VERY
IMPORTANT BECAUSE OF THE
STRATEGIC LOCATION OF
CONSTANTINOPLE.
SILK FROM
CHINA
SPICES, IVORY
AND PEARLS
FROM INDIA
SO, ALL TYPES OF
PRODUCTS WERE
TRADED
AMBER, FURS AND
GRAIN FROM
NORTHERN
EUROPE
THE CHURCH HAD A VERY
IMPORTANT ROLE IN SOCIETY, IT
CROWNED THE EMPEROR, IT WAS
VERY RICH AND POWERFUL
LANDOWNER, AND IT HAD
ENJOYED SPIRITUAL AUTHORITY
OVER THE POPULATION
HOWEVER, IT ALSO HAD TO
CONFRONT MANY PROBLEMS
SUCH AS:
THE ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY
THE EAST-WEST SCHISM
ICONOCLASM
FROM THE GREEK
“THE BREAKING OF
IMAGES”
WHEN BYZANTINE EMPERORS
ORDERED IMAGES TO BE REMOVED
FROM THE TEMPLES
THESE LAWS CAUSED RIOTS AND
FIGHTS BETWEEN THE MONKS AND
THE POPULATION AND THE RULING
CLASS,
FINALLY THE REPRESENTATION OF
THE IMAGES WAS REESTABLISHED
IT BANNED REPRESENTATIONS
OF CHRIST, GOD OR SAINTS AS
IMAGES OR, FROM USING
THEM FOR CULT WORSHIP
SCHISM
OR SPLIT
IT WAS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE
RIVALRY BETWEEN THE POPE IN ROME
AND THE PATRIARCH IN
CONSTANTINOPLE, WHO REFUSED TO
RECOGNISE THE SUPREMACY OF THE
POPE OVER CHRISTIANITY
THE CONFRONTATION ENDED IN 1054
WHIT THE DIVISION OF THE CHURCH
INTO TWO INDEPENDENT BRANCHES
THE
ORTHODOX
CHRISTIAN
CHURCH
THE CATHOLIC
CHRISTIAN
CHURCH
BYZANTINE CIVILISATION WAS A MIXTURE OF GREEK, ROMAN AND
EASTERN CULTURE. (GREEK INFLUENCE WAS ESPECIALLY STRONG).
GREAT LIBRARIES KEPT MANUSCRIPTS OF ANCIENT GREEK AND
ROMAN TEXTS THAT WERE UNKNOWN IN THE WEST, PRESERVING
THEM FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS.
BYZANTINE ART DEVELOPED FROM THE ART OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
AND INCORPORATED INFLUENCES FORM ORIENTAL ART
THE MOST NOTABLE BUILDINGS OF BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE ARE THE
CHURCHES AND, AMONG THEM, THE CHURCH OF HAGIA SOPHIA IN
CONSTANTINOPLE WAS A MASTERPICE OF THIS ART
BUILT BY ORDER
OF CONSTANTINE
IN THE 6TH
CENTURY
DISCUSS WITH YOUR PARTNER THE
ELEMENTS YOU DISTINGUISH. WRITE YOUR
IDEAS IN YOUR NOTEBOOK
dES
THE GREEK CROSS PLAN WITH FOUR NAVES OF EQUAL SIZE
CHURCHES WERE OFTEN BUILT WITH BRICK,
OCCASIONALLY COVERED WITH MARBLE ON THE OUTSIDE AND
DECORATED WITH RICH MOSAICS INSIDE
LARGE DOMES RESTING ON PILLARS
H
ICONS WERE USUALLY PAINTED ON A WOODEN SURFACE
EXPLAIN THE TERMS
HIGHLIGHTED IN OTHER
COLOURS AND AFTER
DONE DISCUSS YOUR
ANSWERS WITH YOUR
PARTNER
THE GREEK CROSS PLAN WITH FOUR NAVES OF EQUAL SIZE
SIDE NAVE
SIDE DOMES
CENTRAL NAVE
H
APSE
ATRIUM
SIDE NAVE
CENTRAL DOME
HAGIA SOPHIA´S PLAN
CHURCHES WERE OFTEN BUILT WITH BRICK,
OCCASIONALLY COVERED WITH MARBLE ON THE OUTSIDE AND
DECORATED WITH RICH MOSAICS INSIDE
SAN VITAL DI RAVENA
LARGE DOMES RESTING ON PILLARS
Hagia Sophia interior: dome, pendentives and half domes
CAPITALS WERE ORIGINAL AND CHARACTERISTIC
HAGIA SOPHIA
HALF DOME
Central dome
Arch
Pendentive
Central Nave
Apse
Half dome
Windows
Upper floor or gallery
Buttresses
Side Nave
Atrium
HAGIA SOPHIA
AFTER THE ROMAN EMPIRE BROKE UP, MOST OF EUROPE WAS
DIVIDED INTO SMALL GERMANIC KINGDOMS
THE FRANKISH KINGDOM WAS CREATED IN THE 6TH
CENTURY, BUT BY THE 8TH THE REAL RULERS WERE ITS
LEADING OFFICIALS.
THE MOST IMPORTANT OFFICIAL WAS CHARLES MARTEL, WHO
LED THE FORCES THAT STOPPED MUSLIM EXPANSION IN THE
BATTLE OF POITIERS (732)
CHARLES MARTEL´S DESCENDANTS BECAME THE FRANKISH KINGS. HIS SON, PEPIN
THE SHORT, DECLARED HIMSELF KING IN 751. HIS GRANDSON, CHARLEMAGNE,
CONTINUED FRANKISH CONQUESTS UNTIL HE WAS THE RULER OF MANY
TERRITORIES IN PRESENT-DAY FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY AND NORTHERN SPAIN
THE FRANKISH KINGDOM WAS NOW THE LEADING POWER IN
MEDIEVAL EUROPE. FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE THE END OF THE
WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE, A VAST TERRITORY WAS UNITED
UNDER A SINGLE RULER.
ON CHRISTMAS DAY IN 800, POPE LEO III RECOGNISED
THIS BY CROWNING CHARLEMAGNE EMPEROR OF THE
WEST. THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE TOOK HIS NAME
AFTER CHARLEMAGNE
DIED, THE EMPIRE,
HOWEVER, WOULD
NOT LAST LONG
BECAUSE IT WAS
DIVIDED AMONG HIS
THREE GRANDSONS,
ACCORDING TO THE
TREATY OF VERDUN IN
843 (AFTER LOUIS THE
PIOUS´ DEATH…)
THIS DIVISION IS THE VERY DISTANT
ORIGIN OF THE LATER EMERGENCE
OF FRANCE AND GERMANY
THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE WAS NOT LIKE A MODERN
STATE, AND IT WAS HELD TOGETHER BY THE PERSONAL
PRESTIGE OF THE EMPEROR. IT HAD MANY PEOPLES WHO
SPOKE DIFFERENT LANGUAGES.
THE EMPEROR HAD ALL THE
MILITARY AND POLITICAL
POWER, AND EVEN
INTERVENED IN CHURCH
ISSUES
TO CONTROL SUCH A
BIG TERRITORY IT WAS
DIVIDED UP
COUNTS RULED IN THE
PROVINCES, OR COUNTIES,
AND THE EMPEROR SENT
INSPECTION TEAMS, THE
MISSI DOMINICI (“THE
LORD´S MESSENGERS”), TO
CONTROL THEM
Charlamagne and its empire
(10´) . Clear and complete
BORDER AREAS, CALLED
MARCHES, WERE STRONGLY
PROTECTED BY MARQUISES
LIKE ALL EUROPE IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES, THE
CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE WAS OVERWHELMINGLY RURAL. THE
EMPEROR GRANTED GREAT STATES TO LORDS, AND
PEASANTS WORKING ON THE LAND
SOME PEASANTS WERE FREE MEN AND
WOMEN AND SOME WERE SERFS. THE
SERFS, DESCENDANTS OF SLAVES,
BELONGED TO THE LAND AND COULD
NOT MOVE AWAY WHITHOUT LORD´S
PERMISSION
THERE WAS VERY
LITTLE COMMERCIAL
ACTIVITY, AND THERE
WER ONLY A FEW
CITIES SUCH AS PARIS
AND AACHEN
DURING CHARLEMAGNE´S REIGN THERE
WAS A REVIVAL OF CULTURE INSPIRED BY
THE ROMAN MODELS.
LITERATURE, WRITING, ARCHITECTURE AND THE ARTS
WERE PROMOTED AND ACQUIRED GREAT IMPORTANCE
HE BUILT A PALACE N HIS NEW
CAPITAL AT AACHEN, USING THE
REMAINS OF ROMAN BUILDINGS
(TODAY ONLY THE PALATINE
CHAPELLE REMAINS)
CHARLEMAGNE ESTABLISHED A CENTRE OF LEARNING
UNDER A SCHOLAR CALLED ALCUIN, WHERE LATIN
SCHOLARS CAME TO LIVE
THESE SCHOLARS COPIED LATIN MANUSCRIPTS THAT HAD
SURVIVED FROM THE FORMER ROMAN EMPIRE.
LATIN WAS USEDAS THE LANGUAGE OF
ADMINTRATION AND IN EDUCATION THE CLASSICAL
CURRICULUM WAS ADOPTED (TRIVIUM AND
QUADRIVIUM)
THIS MODEST ATTEMPT TO RENEW
THE CULTURE OF THE ROMAN
EMPIRE WAS CALLED THE
CAROLINGIAN RENAISSANCE. BUT IT
HAD LITTLE INFLUENCE AFTER
CHARLEMAGNE´S DEATH
Merovingians
• Merovingian is derived from the leader of the
tribe of Franks
• First dynasty after the Romans and ruled for 300 years
• Leader in 481 CE was Clovis I- he united Frankish tribes and expanded
territory
• His conversion to Christianity won him support from the Church
• Clovis I wrote Salic Law - assigned a specific financial value to
everyone and everything; concept of trial options (trial by oath and
trial by ordeal)
• Merovingian's founded and built many monasteries, churches and
palaces and spread Christianity throughout Western Europe
• IMPACT = Eventually dynasty declined as kings relaxed power and
became more like figure heads whereas the real power lay with the
powerful officials and leading aristocracy
Carolingians
• Rise of aristocratic Charles Martel who dominated Frankish
kingdom in 8th century
• He confiscated land given to Church and began Church
reforms that would restore spirituality to clerical life
• His son Pepin the Short continued
Church reforms and eventually
with the support of reformed
Church, removed last
Merovingian king from throne
• Established the Carolingian
dynasty, named to protect the
papacy and establish the pope
and bishops are the makers of kings
• Greatest legacy was Charles
the Great, or Charlemagne
The Holy Roman Empire &
Charlemagne
• Charlemagne (Charles the Great) who was a military
general and restored Pope Leo III who had been exiled
• In return, Leo placed a crown on Charlemagne and
named him the “Emperor of the Romans” which
secured the relationship between Frankish kings and
the papacy
• Charlemagne became the first ruler of the Holy Roman
Empire, a dynasty that would last for more than 700
years
• Charlemagne- imposed order on empire through the
Church and state
• Ordered the standardization of Latin, textbooks,
manuals for preaching, schools for clergy and people,
new form of handwriting
• All these promoted education and scholars and
produced a precise written language (Latin)
Monasticism and Saints
• Monks were people who gave up worldly possessions
and devote themselves to
a religious life
• Established between 400 -700 communities called
monasteries which became centres of education,
literacy and learning
• Strict codes of monastic conduct called Rule of St.
Benedict
• Saints- one who performs miracles that are interpreted
as evidence of a special relationship with God
• St. Augustine- wrote “Confessions” which discussed
ideas of ethics, self knowledge, and the role of free will
which shaped monastic tradition and the influence of
Church
Slaves and Serfs
• Slaves made up of conquered peoples
• Some treated harshly, while other were
treated fairly
• Rural slaves became serfs, who worked the
land and provided labour for owner (in return
from protection)
• Set up for system of feudalism
Birth of Modern Languages
• Development of Middle Ages
• New languages born through migration,
resettlement, conflict and changes
• Old English (Anglo Saxon) began to
incorporate words borrowed from Latin and
Old French, Old German and Old Norse
• Roots of contemporary Spanish, Italian and
other Romance languages