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Macromolecules Chapter 2 STANDARD SB1.c Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) MACROMOLECULES •means giant molecules •made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules Four Major Groups of Macromolecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • Proteins Carbohydrates • Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (ratio of 1:2:1) • Plants, some animals, and other organisms use carbohydrates for structural purposes. • Cellular respiration (breakdown of sugars) supplies immediate energy for cell activities. Carbohydrates(simple sugars) • Single sugar molecules monosaccharides • Ex: fructose - found in fruits • Disaccharides - two simple sugars together. • Ex: sucrose - table sugar Carbohydrates(complex sugars) • Polysaccharides - formed from monosaccharides Lipids • Generally not soluble in water • Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms • Used to store energy • Important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. • Fats, oils, and waxes Proteins • Contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • Made up of amino acids • Peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a polypeptide • Proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes • Some proteins form cellular structures, and others transport substances into or out of cells or help fight diseases Nucleic Acids • Composed of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus • Made up of nucleotides(a five carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen base) • Store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information. • Two kinds of nucleic acids: DNA & RNA