Download Objective 3: interdependence of organisms and the environment.

OBJECTIVE 3:
INTERDEPENDENCE OF
ORGANISMS AND THE
ENVIRONMENT.
Interactions and Interdependence
Knows that cells are the basic structures of all living
things and have specialized parts that perform
specific functions, and that viruses are different from
cells and have different properties and functions.
Virus and Bacteria
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Compare the structures and functions of viruses to
cells and describe the role of viruses in causing
diseases and conditions such as acquired immune
deficiency syndrome, common colds, smallpox,
influenza, and warts
Identify and describe the role of bacteria in
maintaining health such as in digestion and in
causing diseases such as in streptococcus infections
and diphtheria.
Viruses
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Virus Latin for toxin or poison.
A virus is a small infectious agent that cannot reproduce
on its own. It need a host to reproduce.
It is extremely small.
There are millions of different viruses.
Viruses consist of two or three parts.
They have genes made up of DNA or RNA that carry
genetic information.
 They have a protein coat that protects the genes.
 And some have a envelope of fat surrounding them.
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Viruses
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They come in many shapes and some say they look
like space ships.
They have receptors or spikes sticking out.
Viruses are not effected by antibiotics. They do no
good.
Your body must build up an immunity to a virus.
Vaccines are small weak strains of a virus give to
you so your body’s defensives can build up an
immunity to the real virus.
Viruses
Viruses or Viral Infections:
 Common cold, chicken pox, cold sores, ebola, AIDS,
influenza, hepatitis A, B, C, D, & E, rabies, measles,
rhinovirus, mumps, small pox, rubella, polio, HIV, STD’s
there are many others.
 AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) The virus
attacks the Helper T Cells that are in your immune
system that fights infections so they can no longer fight
off any infection.
 There are no medicines that fight infections, your body
must build up an immunity.
 Vaccines help your body build up an immunity to the
virus.
Virus Cycle
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Attach to cell,
enter cell, take
over cell and
reproduce,
the cell
explodes
sending out
more viruses.
Bacteria
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Bacteria are a large group of unicellular
prokaryote microorganisms: (one celled, lack a true
nucleus, and are very small living things).
They come in many shapes.
Some live in extreme environments: (acidic hot
springs, nuclear waste, deep in the ocean, in
extremely cold climates, in your intestines).
Some are good and some are bad. We need them.
They have a flagella or cilia to help them move
around
Bacteria: the Good
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They recycle nutrients, they are involved in the
nitrogen cycle, and carbon cycle, they break down
biological waste.
They are necessary in sewage treatment.
They are necessary for yoghurt, cheese, pickles,
vinegar, soy sauce production through fermentation.
They help in digestion and food elimination.
Bacteria: the Bad
Bacterial Infections:
 Cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, bubonic plague,
TB tuberculosis, typhoid fever, diphtheria,
salmonella, staphylococcus, streptococcus, food
poisoning, pneumonia, meningitis, and E coli; there
are many others.
Bacteria
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Bacterial infections and be controlled and
eliminated with antibiotics.
Antibiotics kill or inhibits the growth of bacteria.
Penicillin
Bacteria can build up an immunity to antibiotics.
Biological Evolution
Knows the theory of biological evolution.
Evolution
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Evolution is most simply put as “changes over time”.
All things change over time, but when we refer to
evolution we are referring to several generations.
How do organisms differ due to the change in
climate, location, environment, and natural causes.
What organisms survive and thrive?
Why do some die off and become extinct?
What changes over a long period of time?
What specializations have an organism developed
to help them live in their environment.
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Identify evidence of change in species using fossils,
DNA sequences, anatomical similarities,
physiological similarities, and embryology.
Illustrate the results of natural selection in
speciation, diversity, phylogeny, adaptation,
behavior, and extinction.
Speciation
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Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new
biological species arise.
Diversity
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Diversity means many different things.
Biodiversity is the variation of life forms within a
given ecosystem, biome, or for the entire Earth.
Biodiversity is often used as a measure of the health
of biological systems.
The biodiversity found on Earth today consists of
many millions of distinct biological species, which is
the product of nearly 3.5 billion years of evolution.
Adaptation
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Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby a
population becomes better suited to its habitat.
A population changes to live better in their
environment.
Extinction
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To end.
The end of an organism or group or species.
The dinosaurs are extinct.
Mutation
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When a mistake is made in the replication in DNA and
a different amino acid is made in a protein, it is called
a mutation.
A mutation can be a good thing, a bad, thing or have
no affect whatsoever.
It the mutation gives the organism an advantage to
survival, it’s a good thing and may be passed to the
next generation.
If the mutation is a bad thing, the organism may not
survive at all or have a disadvantage is thriving.
If the mutation is passed on to future generations, a
physical change in the organism may occur.
Mutation to generations
As a mutation is passed from one generation to
another, it can be followed through its changes in
the structure and make up of the organism.
Examples:
 Bird beaks can change shape, coloring can change,
size of leaves can change, physical size can change,
skeletons can show a change over very long periods
of time.
 Extinction can happen. No more: T Rex , Dodo Bird,
Passenger Pigeon, Woolly Mammoth,
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Phylogeny
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The tree of life. How does life trace itself.
How is life related to each other.
The study of evolutionary relatedness among
various groups of organisms.
Knows the theory of biological evolution.
Biological Evolution
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Biological evolution is the observable process
through which the characteristics of organisms
change over successive generations, by means of
genetic variation and natural selection.
Biological evolution is a change in the genetic
characteristics of a population over time.
Genetic variability is the measure of variation in
genetic makeup between individuals in a
population.
Natural selection is also known as the survival of the
fittest.
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Analyze the flow of matter and energy through
different trophic levels and between organisms and
the physical environment.
Biodiversity
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A variety of life.
Different animals and different plants.
Biotic
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Living stuff or has been living stuff.
Plants, animals, etc.
Abiotic
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Non living stuff.
Air, dirt, water, temperature, wind, etc.
Biomass
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The total mass of living or been living stuff.
Trophic levels
Feeding levels: Trophic means food or feeding
 T1: Producers
Autotrophs
 T2: Primary Consumers;
1st level consumer
 T3: Secondary Consumers;
2nd level consumer
 T4: Tertiary Consumers;
3rd level consumer
 T5: Quaternary Consumers; 4th level consumer
Food Pyramid & Trophic Levels
Autotroph
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Producers
Produce their own food by using the energy from
the Sun and the environment to make sugar through
photosynthesis.
Herbivores
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Eat only plants
Heterotrophs
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Consumers
They eat the produces and consumers.
Organisms that feed on other organisms.
Omnivores
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Eat both plants and animals
Eat multiple levels of the food chain.
Carnivores
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Eat animals
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Interpret interactions among organisms exhibiting
predation, parasitism, commensalism, and
mutualism.
Investigate and explain the interactions in an
ecosystem including food chains, food webs, and
food pyramids.
Graphic Feeding Relationships
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Food Chain
Food Wed
Food Pyramid
Energy Pyramid
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The arrow points to who eats.
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The arrow points in the direction the energy flows
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Chains, Webs, & Pyramids
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The ultimate energy source is the Sun. (it is not
considered part of )
Decomposers, Scavengers, & Detritivors are not
parts either.
10% rule: 10% of any level is passed to the next
level and the 90% remaining is used at that level to
carry on life processes and/or is lost to heat.
Food Chain
Food Chain
Food Chain
Food Chain
Food Web
Food Chains
Food Pyramid
Energy Flow
Energy Pyramid
Detritivors
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Animals or plants that consume dead organic
material (detritus).
Scavangers
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Animals that consume dead animals (corpses or
carrion)
Vultures, beetles, blowflies, yellowjackets, raccoons,
hyenas, lions,
Decomposers
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Organisms that consume organic materials, plant
and animal.
Niche
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A descriptive term for a relational position of a
organism’s species.
A place where it belongs and can thrive.
Symbiosis
Knows that interdependence and interactions
occur within an ecosystem.
Symbiosis
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Living together.
Commensalism
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A living relationship between two where one
benefits and the other is unaffected.
Commensal means sharing of food
Mutualism
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A living relationship where both benefit.
Parasitism
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A living relationship where one benefits and the
other is harmed.
Parasite: the one who benefits. The one who lives
off the host. Flees, ticks, tape worms, mistletoe.
Host: the one the parasite eats on.
Predation
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The predator feeds on the prey.
Predator: the one who hunts and eats.
Prey: the one who is hunted and is eaten.
Competition
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Organisms that compete for food, space, light,
water, etc.
Can be animals or plants.
Any and all living organisms can be in competition.
Hawks and bobcats compete for food in a prairie
ecosystem. They hunt for snakes, rats, mice, etc.
Plants
Knows the significance of plants in the
environment.
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Evaluate the significance of structural and
physiological adaptations of plants to their
environments.
Plants
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Plants are made up of three major parts:
The roots that anchor it to the ground and supply the water
and nutrients to the plant.
 The stem that gives it structure, support, and is the pipes that
carries the water and nutrients to the leaves.
 The leaves, and flowers, that produce the food for the plant
through photosynthesis, and attracts the bees for pollen so it
can reproduce.
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Plants come in many kinds suited for their environment.
Plants in deserts, rain forests, grasslands, mountains, in
oceans, plants are very diverse and adapt to many
locations. Plants have evolved to live in their
environment.
Why we need plants.
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Plants are autotrophs; they make their own food so
on the food pyramid they are producers. They make
our food and are our food.
They also take our exhaled CO2 and use it to make
food and breathe out O2, the gas we need to
breathe.
They supply us with shelter and fuel so we can
survive.
They supply us with fibers to make clothes.