Download Circulatory system

THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
Introduction
The circulatory system is comprised of:
-the heart,
- veins,
-capillaries,
-arteries,
-lymph vessels,
-lymph glands,
which work together to supply the body tissues with
nourishment and collect waste materials.
What is the circulatory system?

The cardiovascular system carries blood and
dissolved substances to and from different places


in the body.
The Heart has the job of pumping these things around
the body.
The Heart pumps blood and substances around the
body in tubes called blood vessels.

The Heart and blood vessels together make up the
cardiovascular System.
Functions of the circulatory system:
Distribute nutrients,
Transport and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide,
Remove waste materials,
Distribute secretions of endocrine glands,
Prevent excessive bleeding,
Prevent infection, and
Regulate body temperature.
How does this system work?
pulmonary vein
pulmonary artery
lungs
head & arms
aorta
main vein
Right
Left
liver
digestive system
kidneys
legs
Circulatory System
Our cardiovascular system is a double circulatory system.
This means it has two parts parts.
Lungs
the right side of
the left side of
the system
the system
deals with
deals with
oxygenated
deoxygenated
blood.
blood.
Body cells
Anatomy of the Heart
The heart is a funnel-shaped, hollow, muscular
organ that is responsible for pumping blood to all
parts of the body.
The heart is located near the center of the thoracic
cavity between the lungs and is contained in the
pericardial sac.
The pericardial sac supports the heart and contains
some fluid for lubrication.
Location of Heart in Thorax
Location of Heart in Chest
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Oblique Position
Apex = Left of Midline (5th ICS), Anterior to rest of heart
Base (posterior surface) sits on vertebral column
Superior Right = 3rd Costal Cartilage, 1” right midsternum
Superior Left = 2nd Costal Cartilage, 1” left midsternum
Inferior Right = 6th Costal Cartilage, 1” right midsternum
Inferior Left = 5th Intercostal Space at Midclavicular line
The broad end, or base, of the heart is also
supported by large arteries and veins.
The pointed end, or apex, of the heart is directed
toward the abdomen.
The heart wall is made up of three layers.
•
Epicardium – outer layer of heart wall, which is also the
inner layer
•
of epicardial sac;
Endocardium – inner layer that
endothelial cells, which
heart
.
consists of
line the heart, covers the
valves, and lines the blood vessels.
Myocardium – middle layer composed of cardiac muscle.
The cardiac muscle is an involuntary, striated muscle
with fibers that intertwine.
In mammals and birds, the heart is divided into a right
and left side and each side is divided into an atrium
and ventricle.
Therefore, the heart is said to have four chambers
(right atrium, right ventricle, left
atrium, and leftventricle).
The atrioventricular valves
(AV valve) separate
the atrium and ventricle on each side of the heart.
The AV valves have flaps of tissues, called leaflets or
cusps, which open and close to ensure that the blood flows
only in one direction and does not backflow into the
atriums.
The AV valve on the right side of the heart is called the
tricuspid valve because it has three leaflets (cusps).
The AV valve on the left side of the heart is called the
bicuspid valve (or mitral valve) because it has two leaflets.
The pulmonary valve and the aortic valve prevent blood
from back-flowing into their respective ventricles.
The pulmonary valve is located between the right
ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle
and the aortic artery.
A group of cells called the sinoatrial node (SA node)
control the beat of the heart by sending out electrical
signals to make the heart pump.
Heart Innervation
• Heart receives visceral
motor innervation
– Sympathetic (speeds up)
– Parasympathetic (slows
down)
p. 534
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human
Anatomy
The Heart
This is a vein. It brings
blood from the body,
except the lungs.
These are arteries.
They carry blood
away from the heart.
2 atria
2 ventricles
Coronary arteries,
the hearts own
blood supply
The heart has four chambers
now lets look inside the heart
Blood supply to heart wall
• Rt and Lft Coronary Arteries
–
–
–
–
Branch from Ascending Aorta
Have multiple branches along heart
Sit in Coronary Sulcus
Coronary Heart Disease
• Cardiac Veins
– Coronary Sinus (largest)
– Many branches feed into sinus
– Sit in Coronary Sulcus
A heart attack often involves a clot in the coronary
arteries or their branches.
In this illustration,
a clot is shown in
the location of #1.
Area #2 shows the
portion of the
damaged heart that
is affected by the
.
The Heart
Artery to Lungs
Vein from Head and Body
Right Atrium
valve
Right Ventricle
Artery to Head and Body
Vein from Lungs
Left Atrium
valve
Left Ventricle
How does the Heart work?
STEP ONE
blood from the
body
blood from
the lungs
The heart beat begins when the
heart muscles relax and blood
flows into the atria.
How does the Heart work?
STEP TWO
The atria then contract and
the valves open to allow blood
into the ventricles.
How does the Heart work?
STEP THREE
The valves close to stop blood
flowing backwards.
The ventricles contract forcing
the blood to leave the heart.
At the same time, the atria are
relaxing and once again filling with
blood.
The cycle then repeats itself.
blood from the heart gets around
the body through blood vessels
There are 3 types of blood vessels
a.
ARTERY
b.
VEIN
c.
CAPILLARY
Walls of Arteries and Veins
• Tunica externa
– Outermost layer
– CT w/elastin and collagen
– Strengthens, Anchors
• Tunica media
– Middle layer
– Circular Smooth Muscle
– Vaso-constriction/dilation
• Tunica intima
– Innermost layer
– Endothelium
– Minimize friction
• Lumen
ARTERI
mempunyai 3 lapisan :
1.
TUNICA ADVENTITIA/EXTERNA , MERUPAKAN LAPISAN
TERLUAR , TERDIRI DARI JARINGAN IKAT FIBROUS DAN
BERFUNGSI SEBAGAI LAPISAN PELINDUNG.
2.
TUNICA MEDIA, TERDIRI DARI JARINGAN OTOT DAN ELASTIK,
MERUPAKAN LAPISAN YANG KUAT; MEMBUAT PEMBULUH
DARAH TETAP TERBUKA DAN KONTRAKSI JARINGAN
OTOTNYA MEMBERIKAN TEKANAN YANG TETAP TERHADAP
ALIRAN DARAH.
3.
TUNICA INTIMA, MERUPAKAN LAPISAN TERDALAM DAN
TERDIRI DARI LAPISAN ENDOTHELIUM.
ARTERI :
1. ARTERI BESAR
(ELASTIC ARTERY):
2. ARTERI SEDANG
(MUSCULAR
ARTERY):
3. ARTERI KECIL
(ARTERIOLE):
VENA
• JUGA MEMPUNYAI 3 LAPISAN SEPERTI ARTERI
• TUNICA MEDIA LEBIH TIPIS (JAR OTOT DAN
ELASTIK), SEHINGGA LEBIH MUDAH KEMPIS DAN
KURANG ELASTIS DIBANDING DENGAN ARTERI
• MEMPUNYAI KATUB YANG DISUSUN SEDEMIKIAN
RUPA SEHINGGA DARAH DARAH NORMAL HANYA
MENGALIR KE COR DAN TIDAK SEBALIKNYA
• TERDIRI VENA BESAR, VENA SEDANG DAN VENULE
The VEIN
Veins carry blood towards from the heart.
veins have valves
which act to stop the
blood from going in
the wrong direction.
thin muscle and
elastic fibres
body muscles surround the veins
so that when they contract to
move the body, they also squeeze
the veins and push the blood along
the vessel.
Artery/Vein differences
Arteries (aa.)
Direction Blood Away from
of flow
Heart
Pressure Higher
Veins (vv.)
Blood to Heart
Walls
Lumen
THICKER: Tunica
media thicker than
tunica externa
Smaller
THINNER: Tunica
externa thicker
than tunica media
Larger
Valves
No valves
Valves (see next)
ry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human Anatomy
Lower
KAPILER
• Ialah pembuluh darah yg sangat kecil tempat
arteriole berakhir dan venule mulai
• Makin kecil arteri ketiga lapisan diatas makin tak
jelas, sehingga ketika sampai di kapiler yang
sehalus rambut dindingnya tinggal 1 lapis saja yaitu
endothelium.
• Lapisan yang tipis ini memungkinkan pertukaran
bahan dengan sel, dimana bahan makanan dan O2
masuk ke dalam sel sedangkan CO2 dan sisa
metabolisme masuk ke dalam kapiler.
Capillaries
• Microscopic--one
cell layer thick
• Network
• Bathed in
extracellular matrix
of areolar tissue
• Entire goal of C-V
system is to get
blood into
capillaries where
diffusion takes
place
Larry M. Frolich, Ph.D.,Human
Anatomy
The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arteries with Veins
they exchange materials
between the blood and
other body cells.
the wall of a capillary
is only one cell thick
The exchange of materials
between the blood and the
body can only occur through
capillaries.
The CAPILLARY
A collection of capillaries is known as a capillary bed.
artery
body cell
vein
capillaries
AORTA
I.
-
II.
III.
A.
B.
AORTA ASCENDENS :
A. CORONARIA
DEXTRA ET SINISTRA
ARCUS AORTA
AORTA DESCENDENS
:
AORTA THORACALIS
AORTA ABDOMINALIS
II. ARCUS AORTA :
1. A.
BRACHIOCEPHALICA:
a. A. SUBCLAVIA DEXTRA
b. A. CAROTIS COMMUNIS
DEXTRA:
- A. CAROTIS INT.
DEXTR.
- A. CAROTIS EXT.
DEXTR.
2. A. CAROTIS COMMUNIS
SINISTRA:
- A. CAROTIS INT. SIN.
- A. CAROTIS EXT. SIN.
3. A. SUBCLAVIA SINISTRA.
III. A. AORTA THORACALIS:
1. Aa. INTERCOSTALIS
2. Aa. BRONCHIALIS
3. Aa. ESOPHAGEALIS
III.B. AORTA ABDOMINALIS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
-
Aa. PHRENICA ABD. DEXTRA
ET SINISTRA
A. COELIACA
Aa. SUPRARENALIS MEDIA
DEXTRA ET SINISTRA
Aa. RENALIS DEXTRA ET
SINISTRA
Aa. TESTICULARIS /
OVARICA DEXT. ET SIN.
A. MESENTERICA SUP.
A. MESENTERICA INF.
Aa. LUMBALIS
Aa. ILIACA COMMUNIS:
Aa. ILIACA EXTERNA
Aa. ILIACA INTERNA
III.B. AORTA ABDOMINALIS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
-
Aa. PHRENICA ABD. DEXTRA
ET SINISTRA
A. COELIACA
Aa. SUPRARENALIS MEDIA
DEXTRA ET SINISTRA
Aa. RENALIS DEXTRA ET
SINISTRA
Aa. TESTICULARIS /
OVARICA DEXT. ET SIN.
A. MESENTERICA SUP.
A. MESENTERICA INF.
Aa. LUMBALIS
Aa. ILIACA COMMUNIS:
Aa. ILIACA EXTERNA
Aa. ILIACA INTERNA
ARTERI UNTUK LEHER DAN KEPALA
1.
2.
3.
4.
A. CAROTIS EXTERNA
A. CAROTIS INTERNA
A. VERTEBRALIS
A. MENINGICA MEDIA
ARTERI UNTUK EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR
•
•
•
•
A. AXILLARIS
A. BRACHIALIS
A. RADIALIS
A. ULNARIS
ARTERI UNTUK EXTREMITAS INFERIOR
•
•
•
•
•
•
A. FEMORALIS
A. POPLITEA
A. TIBIALIS ANTERIOR
A. TIBIALIS POSTERIOR
A. DORSALIS PEDIS
Aa. PLANTARIS
MEDIALIS ET LATERALIS
TEMPAT-TEMPAT UNTUK PALPASI ARTERI
(NADI)
VENNAE BESAR
ATRIUM DEXTRM

I. V. CAVA SUPERIOR

V.
AZYGOS
Vv. BRACHIOCEPHALICA
DEXTRA ET SINISTRA
Vv. JUG INT.
Vv.
SUBCLAVIA
DEXT/SIN
DEXT/SIN
II. V. CAVA INFERIOR:
1. Vv. PHRENICA
INFERIOR
2. Vv. HEPATICA
3. Vv. SUPRARENALIS
4. Vv. RENALIS
5. V. TESTICULARIS/
OVARICA DEXTRA
6. Vv. LUMBALIS
7. Vv. ILIACA COMMUNIS
DEXTRA ET SINISTRA
VENNAE LEHER DAN KEPALA
• V. JUGULARIS EXTERNA
• V. JUGULARIS INTERNA
VENNAE EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR
V. SUBCLAVIA

V. AXILLARIS

V. CEPHALICA--------- V. BASILICA

VENNAE MANUS
------ V. MEDIANA CUBITI
VENNAE EXTREMITAS INFERIOR
V. ILIACA EXTERNA

V. FEMORALIS
V. POPLITEA
SAPHENA

V. SAPHENA
PARVA
V.
MAGNA
VENNAE PEDIS
Lymphatic System
Functions of the lymphatic system:
• remove excess fluids from body
tissues,
• absorb fatty acid and transport
circulatory system, and
fat to
• produce immune cells (lymphocytes, monocytes,
and plasma cells).
Blood fluid escapes through the thin-walled capillaries
into spaces between body tissue cells.
Lymph vessels, which have very thin walls, pick up these
fluids called lymph.
The lymph vessels join to form larger ducts that
pass through lymph nodes (or glands).
Each lymph node has a fibrous outer covering
(capsule), a cortex, and a medulla.
Lymph nodes filter foreign substances, such as bacteria
and cancer cells, from the lymph before it is re-entered
into the blood system through the larger veins.
Lymph nodes, which are scattered among the lymph
vessels, act as the body’s first defense against
infection.
AREA LYMPHATIC LAIN
• STRUKTUR LAIN PADA SISTEM LYMPHATIC
SEBAGIAN BESAR TERDIRI DARI JARINGAN LYMPHE
YANG SAMA DENGAN YANG TERDAPAT PADA
LYMPHONODI.
• ANTARALAIN :
- TONSILLA PALATINA
- TONSILLA LINGUALIS
- TONSILLA PHARYNGICA
- PEYER’S PATCHES
Lymph nodes produce the following cells:
• Lymphocytes – a type of white
blood cell,
• Monocytes – a leukocyte that protects against bloodborne pathogens, and
• Plasma cells – produce antibodies.
Each lymph node has its own blood supply and venous
drainage.
The lymph nodes usually have names that are related to
their location in the body.
ALIRAN CAIRAN LYMPHE
• CAIRAN LYMPHE YANG BERASAL DARI
LENGAN KANAN, SISI KANAN KEPALA DAN
LEHER, DIALIRKAN KE DUCTUS LYMPHATICUS
DEXTER YANG BERMUARA SUDUT PADA
PERTEMUAN ANTARA V. JUG INT DEXTRA
DENGAN V. SUBCLAV DEXTRA (ANGULUS
VENOSUS JUGULUM DEXTRA)
• CAIRAN LYMPHE DARIBAGIAN TUBUH YANG
LAI DIALIRKAN KE DUCTUS THORACICUS
YANG BERJALAN MULAI DARI CYSTERNA
CHYLLI (PADA CAVUM ABDOMEN DAN
BERMUARA PADA ANGULUS VENOSUS
JUGULUM SINISTRA).
When a specific location gets infected, the lymph
nodes in that area will enlarge to fight the
infection.
If the lymph node closest to an infected area is
unable to eliminate the infection, other lymph
nodes in the system will attempt to fight the
infection.
This is particularly critical in the case of cancer,
which can be spread from its point of origin to all
parts of the body through the lymphatic system.
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