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LYMPH –
Straw-colored, similar to
plasma
Composed of H2O
lymphocytes, O2,
digested nutrients, etc.,
but no red cells or
protein (too large)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Lymph – fluid that goes
between capillary blood
and tissues.
Carries digested food, O2,
and hormones to cells
Carries wastes back to the
capillaries for excretion
Since lymphatic system
has not pump, skeletal
muscle action squeezes
lymph along
Lymph in tissues is
interstitial fluid.
• Lymph vessels- transport
excess tissue fluid back into
circulatory system
• Located in almost all tissues
and organs that have blood
vessels
Lymph Vessels
1.Valves prevent backward flow
2.Lymph flows in only one
direction-from body organs to
heart
3. Closely parallel veins
4.Tissue lymph enter small lymph
vessels which drain into larger
lymph vessels (lymphatics)
into two main lymphatics –the
thoracic duct and right
lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct – largest lymph vessel
Lymph Nodes
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Tiny oval shaped; size of
a pinhead to size of an
almond
Located in the neck
Produce lymphocytes
Filter out harmful bacteria
If substance can’t be
destroyed, node become
inflamed.
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Masses of lymphatic
tissue that produce
lymphocytes and filter
bacteria – they get
smaller in size as person
gets older
Get smaller as person
gets older
Palatine tonsils- located
in back of throat
Adenoids tonsils on
upper part of throat
Lingual tonsils located
on the dorsal surface of
the base of the tongue
Tonsils
Spleen
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Filters blood
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Blood reservoir- Stores
large amounts of RBCs
– contracts during
vigorous exercise or
loss of blood, to release
RBC’s
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Recycles-destroys old
or fragile RBC’s
• Sac-like mass of lymphatic
tissue
• Upper left abdominal cavity
just below diaphragm.
Produce lymphocytes
and monocytes
Thymus
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Upper anterior chest
above the heart
Thymus is lymphatic
and endocrine gland
Largest and most
active during the
neonatal and preadolescent periods
Produces lymphocytes
Completes its work by
puberty and is replaced
by adipose (fat) tissue.
Structure
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cont.
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Immunity- the body’s ability to resist
disease.
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NATURAL IMMUNITY
– at birth, inherited and
permanent. Includes:
Unbroken skin
Mucus and tears
Blood phagocytes
Local inflammation
Body’s reaction to invaders.
PASSIVE ACQUIRED
IMMUNITY
From injecting antibodies,
only lasts a few weeks
Lasts longer
NATURAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY –
result of having had and recovered
from a disease. For example, a child
who had measles will usually not get
it again – child’s body has
manufactured antibodies.
ARTIFICIAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
comes from being vaccinated
IMMUNIZATION
Antigen injected into a person to
stimulate production of antibodies
Disorders of the Lymphatic System
TONSILLITIS
1. In childhood, they may
become infected, enlarged,
2. cause difficulty swallowing
3. Tonsillectomy in extreme
cases
Lymphadenitis generalized
enlargement of the lymph
nodes (adenitis)
1. Enlargement of the lymph
glands
2. Occurs when infection is
present and body is
attempting to fight off the
infection.
HODGKIN’S DISEASE
1.
Cancer of the lymph
nodes,
2.
Painless swelling of lymph
nodes is early symptom.
3.
Rx – chemotherapy and
radiation
INFECTIOUS
MONONUCLEOSIS
1. Caused by virus
2. Frequently in young adults
and children
3. Spread by oral contact
(kissing)
4. Symptoms – enlarged
lymph nodes, fever,
physical and mental
fatigue, ↑ leukocytes
5. Rx- bedrest
Hypersensitivity
1. Abnormal response to a
drug or allergen.
2. Antibodies made in
response to foreign material
ALLERGEN irritate certain
body cells
3. Allergen - is an antigen that
causes allergic responses.
(Examples of allergens –
ragweed, penicillin, bee
stings, foods, etc.)
Anaphylaxis
1. Severe, sometimes fatal
allergic reaction
2. Antigen-antibody reaction
stimulates a massive secretion
of histamine
3. Symptoms – breathing
problems, headache, facial
swelling, falling blood
pressure, stomach cramps,
and vomiting
4. Rx – adrenaline
5. Those who have
hypersensitivity to bee stings
should wear a medic alert
bracelet
HIV/AIDS
1. Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome
2. Caused by HIV
3. Three responses to HIV
infection:
a. AIDS – full disorder
b. ARC – AIDS – related
complex
c. Asymptomatic infection
4. Screening tests for HIV
available.
5. AIDS victim subject to
opportunistic infections
(cancer, infections) that a
healthy person would fight off
but AIDS victim has
compromised immune
response.
6. Incubation period – 1 month to
12 years.
7. RX and prevention- advances
being made.
8. ARC – AIDS- related complex –
HIV but not AIDS – less severe
symptoms.
9. Transmission
a. Sex with someone HIV
positive
b. Sharing needles with
infected drug users.
c. At birth from infected mother
10. Cannot be spread by casual
contact, coughing, sneezing,
shaking hands and sharing
eating utensils.
11. Prevention – avoid risky
behaviors and observe
standard precautions.
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Patient care equipment and linens
Handle with care,
Don’t let it touch your or clothing, clean
or discard appropriately.
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Guidelines to be used in patient care
setting
Must be used when there is contact with
blood, any body fluid (except sweat),
mucous membranes and non-intact skin.
Handwashing – the single most effective
way to prevent infection.
Wash hands after touching body fluids,
even if gloves are worn.
Wash hands immediately after removing
gloves, between patient contacts.
Use a plain (non-antimicrobial) soap
Wash for a minimum of 10 seconds
Personal protective equipment
Gloves – worn when touching blood,
body fluids, etc.
Mask, eye protection, face shield and
gown – during patient care activities that
may generate splashes or sprays of
blood, body fluids, etc.
Occupations Health and Bloodborne
Pathogens
Beware of needles!
■ Never recap used needles.
■ Dispose of all needles and sharp objects in
sharps container.
■ Use mouthpieces, resuscitation bags, or
other ventilation devices as alternative to
mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
■ A patient who contaminates the environment
should be in a private room or relatively
isolated area.
The AIDS Patient
■ Sometimes treated as outcasts
■ Healthcare worker should be supportive
■ Use of gloves for normal patient contact is
not necessary
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Neat Internet Site
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http://www.nanobugs.com/index.php
http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/closet/movies/h
ow_the_body_works_interim.html