Download Final Worksheet: Digestive and Repro **Abdominal Muscles

Final Worksheet: Digestive and Repro
**Abdominal Muscles**
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Rectus sheath is an example of an aponeurosis: dense regular connective tissue
“pockets in” muscle is the external oblique since the fibers run inferiorly and medially
Internal oblique muscle runs superiorly and medially*
Deepest muscle is the transversus abdominus*
Organs of Digestion vs Accessory organs
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Digestive tract: MouthRectus
Accessory organs: Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Functions of saliva
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Begins digestion (breakdown of sugars by amylase), lubrication, controls bacterial flora
Controlled by parasympathetic innervation (PAROTID GLAND: CN IX)
3 main exocrine glads: parotid, submandibular, sublingual
Teeth
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Gingiva:gums
Pulp cavity:neurovascular tissue
Gomphosis
Dentin:continuous from crown to root (like bone but no living cells)
2123 is dental formula (incisors, canines, premolar, molars)
We are heterodonts because our teeth are different since we eat all types of food (not just
meat or greens etc)
Esophagus
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Located behind trachea
Lumen is lined with nonk stratified squamous tissue, also has muscular layer (smooth and
skeletal musle) that is what helps us swallow by peristalsis
Its mucosa has folds to allow for expansion when food passes
Esophageal hiatus: where esophagus passes through diaphragm
Mesenteries anchor organs to the wall of the cavity. There is a visceral and parietal layer of
PERITONEUM. The greater omentum is a type of mesentery that anchors and protects the
abdominal organs anteriorly***
Stomach
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Chamber for bulk storage of food
Mechanical breakdown of food and chemical digestion of proteins (mixing of ingested
substances with acids and enzymes of stomach is called CHYME)
Mucosa of stomach has ruggae: allows for expansion and increase of surface area
Mucosa of stomach (and digestive tract itself) is epithelium but the middle layers are very
muscular
Cardia: point at which esophagus enters stomach :cardiac sphincter
Pylorus: point at which stomach connects with duodenum : pyloric sphincter
Mucosa of stomach (simple columnar tissue) has lots of mucus producing cells that
CONTINUOUSLY produce mucus to protect the stomach’s lining from gastric acids. If
this mucus layer was not there, the stomach would be filled with ulcers and eventually
digest itself
Small intestine
 Duodenum, ileum, jejunum
 Intestinal lining has series of transverse folds called plicae circulares (permanent feature)
o Increase Surface area for absorption
 Each plicae circulares has villi and each villus has microvilli, thus surface
area goes from .33m^2 (if small intestine was smooth) to 200m^2
 Duodenum is first, C-shaped structure of small intestines that receives chyme from
stomach and digestive secretions from pancreas and liver
o Walls of duodenum also contain duodenal submucosal glands that secrete
protective mucus since the duodenum is receiving the highly acidic chyme from
the stomach
 LACTEALS
 Jejunum and ileum
o Plicae abundant and larger in jejunum (most absorption occurs here)
o As one approaches ileum, plicae and villi become smaller…less absorption
o Ileum has large amounts of aggregated lymphoid nodules (particularly near the
end closer to the large intestine) due to the large numbers of potentially harmful
bacteria that could enter the ileum from the cecum
Large Intestine
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Cecum (with appendix) and colon
Reabsorption of water and electrolytes, compaction and storage of feces
Haustra is formed by the presence of taenia coli. Haustra permit distension and
elongation of colon
No villi, more goblet cells than small intestine, lots of lymphoid nodules
Rectum
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Rectum is expandable organ for temporary storage of fecal matter, movements of fecal
mater into rectum triggers urge to defecate
Last portion of the rectum is anal canalanal canal ends at anus
Internal vs. external anal sphincter (internal is involuntary, external is voluntary)
Accessory organs of digestion
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Liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Liver: largest visceral organ
o Bile production, receives blood from digestive tract before it reaches systemic
circulation
o Metabolic regulation:regulation of carbs, lipids, and amino acids
o Blood regulation: remove damage RBCs, make plasma proteins
Gallbladder: stores and secrets bile upon demand
Pancreas: digestive enzymes that break lipids, carbs, and proteins into smaller molecules
that can be absorbed by the small intestine. Exocrine and endocrine gland
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
**MUSCLES**
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Levator ani muscle group: iliococcygeus/pubococcygeus
o These are were kegels come in handy for women!
o Coccygeus is an assistant but not part of the levator ani
Male Reproductive System
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Testicles are abdominal organs that descend out of the body at birth (since theyre
abdominal organs, they are covered with peritoneum called tunica vaginalis)
There are various layers surrounding testis
o Scrotum:external skin sac
o Tunica albuninia: encloses seminiferous tubules; extends into testis as septa
o Tunica vaginalis: PERITONEUM of testis
o Spermatic fascial layers: layers of spermatic cord, extends from abdomen
 Dartos muscle (smooth) muscle with tonic contraction that causes
characteristic wrinkling of scrotal surface and assists in elevation of testes
 Cremaster muscle: (skeletal) muscle that pulls testes closer to the body
Spermatogenesis
o Seminiferous tubules
o Spermatogonia form
 After division, one daughter cell is retained as a stem cell, other becomes
primary spermatocyte
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Primary spermatocyte goes through 2 meiotic divisions (from primary
spermatocyte to secondary spermatocytes and then from secondary
spermatocyte to spermatids) resulting in 4 spermatids
o Spermatids then go through spermiogenesis (maturation) at sertoli (nurse) cells
Epididymis: recycling center for damaged spermatozoa, monitors and adjusts
composition of fluid produced by seminiferous tubules, stores spermatozoa and facilitates
FUNCTIONAL maturation
Ductus deferens: paired ducts that go from the epididymis to the back of urinary bladder,
CUT during vasectomy
Seminal glands: 60% fluid, prostate gland 30% fluid, bulbourethral glands 5% seminal
fluids (alkaline mucus from this gland neutralizes urethra & lubricates penis)
Corpora cavernosa (covered in tunica albuginea) and corpus spongiosum
o Rich in blood and nerve supply (porous tissue)
o Corpus spongiosum surrounds urthera and continues into the glans penis
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
**LIGAMENT IS ANOTHER TERM FOR MESENTERY**
Ligaments in female are draped over pouches; rectouterine pouch and vesicouterine puch
Rectouterine pouch at more danger than the vesicouterine pouch*
Ovaries
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Abdominal organs like the testes
Receive blood, nerve supply through suspensory ligament
Have 2 functions: oogenesis and hormone secretion
Oogenesis
o Primordial folliclesprimary folliclessecondary folliclesTERTIARY follicle
(just one)
o Unlike spermatids, primary oocyte gives rise to an ovum and 3 polar bodies
 First meiotic division gives one secondary oocyte and a small polar body
 Second meiotic division gives 3 polar bodies and one OVUM that is stuck
in Meiosis II, if fertilized, Meiosis II will be completed
o Ovulation: circa 14 days. Follicular wall ruptures, releasing oocyte into peritoneal
cavity then into the uterine tube
 Corpus luteum replaces follicle, secretes hormones to prepare uterus for
pregnancy (if woman becomes pregnant, the placenta ultimately replaces
the corpus luteum)
 Corpus albicans: if pregnancy doesn’t occur, luteum degenerates into
albicans (scar tissue)
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Uterus:
o Endometrium:inner glandular mucosa, is shed during menstruation
o Myometrium: muscular layer of the uterus
o Perimetrium: serosal layer of the uterus
o Anteflexed in position
o Levels of LH ad FSH and estrogen peak at ovulation. Levels of progesterone and
inhibin peak during the luteal phase of ovarian cycle and secretory phase of
uterine cycle
THE PICTURE BELOW THIS BULLET COULD BE USED AS REFERENCE IF DR
LANCASTER EXPLAINED THIS. IF HE DIDN’T, DON’T WORRY ABOUT IT