Download 1200 - 1800

New Ideas, New Empires
1200 – 1800
1. Renaissance and Reformation – 1300 - 1650
2. Exploration and Expansion – 1400 - 1700
3. New Asian Empires – 1200 - 1800
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Renaissance and Reformation
1300 – 1650
The Italian Renaissance
The Northern Renaissance
The Protestant Reformation
The Counter Reformation
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Major
changes in Europe caused the medieval period to
give way to a new period
Rediscovery of classical knowledge of Greece and Rome
Knowledge led to a period of creativity called Renaissance
New ideas about religion – struggle in Christianity called
Reformation
1200 - 1800
1. Causes of the Renaissance
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Increased trade with
Asia and other regions
as a result of the
Crusades
Growth of large, wealth
city states in Italy
Renewed interest in the
classical learning of
ancient Greek and Rome
Rise of rich and
powerful merchants,
who became patrons of
the arts
Increased desire for
scientific and technical
knowledge
Desire to beautify
cities
1200 - 1800
The Beginning of Renaissance
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The Black Death and warfare
took over Europe in 1300s.
These catastrophic events led
to many changes throughout
Europe in the 1300s.
Urban areas also began to
specialize, particularly in Italy,
and gave rise to powerful citystates
Examples – Venice, Milan, and
Florence
Venetian merchants became
some of the wealthiest in the
world
1200 - 1800
Renaissance starts in Italy
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Italy had the remains
of Ancient Rome.
Italy was on the
Mediterranean and in
an ideal place for
trading.
The Roman Catholic
Church was based in
Italy.
Italy was divided into
city states.
1200 - 1800
Renaissance Ideas
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A sustained period of renewed interest and remarkable
developments in art, literature, science, and learning –
Renaissance
Humanism
 Secularism
 Sciences
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1200 - 1800
Humanism
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Humanism – intellectual movement during that focused on the
study of worldly subjects, such as poetry and philosophy, and on
human potential and achievement
1200 - 1800
Secularism
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Secularism – dealing with the world and not in terms of religion
(form of later humanism)
Secular writers – individual achievement and education could be
fully expressed only if people used their talents and abilities in
the services of their cities
1200 - 1800
Secular Writers
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Baldassare Castiglione -Italian wrote – The Courtier – describes
how perfect Renaissance gentleman and gentlewomen should act
Niccolo Machiavelli – The Prince – harsh treatment of citizens
and rival states
Baldassare Castiglione
Niccolo Machiavelli
1200 - 1800
Sciences
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Human sciences such as history, geography, politics, and the
national world became an important avenue of inquiry,
challenging the church’s teachings about the world
1200 - 1800
Astronomers
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Nicholas Copernicus – Polish astronomer – heliocentric theory –
Sun is the center of the universe, not the Earth
Galileo Galiliei – Italian astronomer – house arrest for
challenging church officials by expressing his views
1200 - 1800
Renaissance Art Flourishes
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Many artists were supported
by powerful patrons.
They more topics than just
religious themes.
Artists made realistic
artwork and used perspective
about nature.
Perspective means making
close items larger than far
items to make it seem
realistic.
Artists also used shading and
correct anatomy.
1200 - 1800
Patrons of the Arts
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City states were ruled
by powerful families and
a strong merchant class.
The Medici family of
Florence was the most
famous of these.
Another – Sforza family
These families served as
patrons of the arts.
That means they gave
money to artists.
•Lorenzo de Medici – well
educated poet, supported
some of the more talented
artists
1200 - 1800
Leonardo Da Vinci
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He was the ultimate Renaissance
man.
He was a painter and engineer.
He created famous paintings and
also created inventions.
He was known for his curiosity
and ingenuity.
He learned about human anatomy
by dissecting cadavers.
1200 - 1800
The Last Supper
•The Last Supper in the Christian Gospels, was the last meal Jesus shared with
his 12 Apostles and disciples before his death.
•The last supper has been the subject of many paintings, perhaps the most
famous by Leonardo Da Vinci.
• “Eat bread and drink from this cup and do it in remembrance of me.”
1200 - 1800
The Mona Lisa
•The Mona Lisa is a 16th century
portrait painted in oil on a popular
panel by Leonardo Da Vinci during
the Italian Renaissance.
•The work is owned by the
government of France, and is on
the wall in the Louvre in Paris.
•It is perhaps the most famous
and iconic painting n the world.
1200 - 1800
The Notebooks of Leonardo
•20,000 pages with
notes recording his
ideas for building an
armored tank and
flying machines,
sketches of human
anatomy, and countless
other things
1200 - 1800
The Notebooks of Leonardo
•He designed and built canals,
developed a machine to thread in
screws, and designed the first
machine gun.
1200 - 1800
Michelangelo
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He was a sculptor, engineer,
painter, architect, and poet.
He created marble
masterpieces and painted the
Sistine Chapel.
He also created the design for
the dome of St. Peter’s
Cathedral.
The Statue of David
1200 - 1800
•Statue of David is a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture
created by Michelangelo from 1501 to 1504.
•The marble statue portrays the Biblical King David in the
nude.
• He chose to represent David before his victory over Goliath.
The Pieta
1200 - 1800
•Pieta is the subject in Christian art depicting the Virgin Mary
cradling the dead body of Jesus, most often found in sculpture.
•The sculpture was created by Michelangelo.
•It is a masterpiece of the Renaissance.
The Sistine Chapel
1200 - 1800
•The Sistine Chapel is the best-known chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the
official residence of the Pope in the Vatican City.
•It is famous for its architecture and its decoration which has been
frescoed throughout by the greatest Renaissance artists including
Michelangelo.
•He painted 12,000 square feet and the Last Judgment was perhaps his
greatest achievement.
1200 - 1800
Rafael, the School of Athens
•Raffaello Sanzio, who became known as Rafael, was a renowned
painter and an accomplished architect.
•The School of Athens – fresco, a painting made on fresh, moist
plaster.
•Plato and Aristotle surrounded by philosophers from the past and
present who were admired by the humanists
Raffaello Sanzio,
1200 - 1800
Rafael’s other work
•Also well known for his painting of the
Madonna, or mother of Jesus
1200 - 1800
The Dome of St. Peter’s
Basilica
•Renaissance architecture
reached its height with the
work of Donato Bramante.
•Chosen as architect of
Rome
•His design for St. Peter’s
Basilica influenced the
appearance of many smaller
churches
1200 - 1800
2. The Northern Renaissance
•In the 1200’s and 1300’s, most
cities in Europe were in Italy.
•1500’s – large cities throughout
northern Europe – London, Paris,
Amsterdam
•Trade, the movement of artists
and scholars, and the
development of printing helped
spread Renaissance ideas
northward
1200 - 1800
The Printing Revolution
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During the Middle Ages,
books were copied by scribes
and monks by hand.
Around 1455, a German
named Johann Gutenberg
created the first moveable
type printing press.
This made books much more
common and much more
accessible to the people.
1200 - 1800
The Printing Press
•First publication was 1,282 page Bible
•Within 35 years, a Gutenberg press appeared
as far as Constantinople.
•With easier access to books, more people
learned to read and more books were printed.
1200 - 1800
Philosophers and Writers
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As Renaissance ideas
spread throughout
Europe, northern
humanists expressed
their own ideas in
works that combined
the interests of
theology, fiction, and
history
Created philosophical
works, novels, dramas,
and poems
Desiderius Erasmus
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Leading Christian
humanist who wrote
extensively about the
need for a pure and
simple Christian life.
Advised readers on the
need to teach their
children.
His writings fanned the
flames of a growing
discontent with the
Roman Catholic Church
1200 - 1800
1200 - 1800
Sir Thomas More’s Utopia
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Thomas More was an English
writer.
He wrote a book about a
perfect society called
“Utopia” where everyone is
equal and everyone lives in
peace and harmony.
We still use the word utopia
to describe a perfect world
or society.
Easton Right!
1200 - 1800
William Shakespeare
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Shakespeare was the
most important literary
writer during the
Renaissance.
He wrote 37 plays that
are still performed
today.
He also greatly enriched
the English language.
Mr. Schenk – the
William Shakespeare of
the 21st century?
1200 - 1800
Christine de Pisan
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Italian-born writer who
wrote important works
focusing on the role
women played in society
Writings included
poetry, a biography of
Charles V, and works
that guided women on
proper morality
1200 - 1800
Artists
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The artists of northern
Europe, just like
philosophers and writers,
were influenced by the
Italian Renaissance.
Italians tried to capture
the beauty of Greek and
Roman gods in their
paintings, northern
artists often tried to
depict people as they
really were
•Albrecht Durer – used Italian
techniques of realism and perspective
in his own works.
•Jan van Eyck – Flemish painter who
focused on landscapes and domestic
life
1200 - 1800
3. The Protestant Reformation
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Criticism of the Roman
Catholic Church led to a
religious movement called the
Protestant Reformation and
brought changes in religion
and politics across Europe
1200 - 1800
Catholicism in the 1400s
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Over the centuries, the Roman
Catholic Church had gained power
and wealth in Europe.
The Catholic Church dominated
people’s lives during the Middle
Ages.
The church became very involved
in political affairs, including
starting wars and fighting for
money and other interests.
CORRUPTION
1200 - 1800
Dissatisfaction with the Church
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As the wealth and the power
of the church grew, so did
instances of financial
corruption, abuse of power,
and immortality
Indulgences – pardons issued
by the pope that people could
buy to reduce their time in
purgatory
Purgatory – Catholics believed
that after dying people went
to purgatory, where their
souls worked off their sins
they had committed
Significance – Nationalism, or
devotion to a particular state
or nation rather than the
church, began to grow as a
result of the corruption of
the Catholic Church
1200 - 1800
Early Reformers
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Two men step forward – John Wycliffe – believed that the
church should give up its earthly possessions
and Jan Hus – preached against the immortality and worldliness
of the Catholic Church –burned at the stake
Led to Martin Luther
1200 - 1800
Martin Luther and the 95 Thesis
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1517 –marked the beginning of the
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther - 95 thesis – public
complaints about the church
Indulgences are sinful and had no
power to remit sin
Meant for the church leaders
(academic Latin)
Faith and through good works
Translated the Bible to German so
common people could read it
Reaction-Holy Roman Emperor –
Edict of Worms – Luther is an
outlaw and condemned for his
writings (Lutheranism – formally
recognized branch of Christianity
1200 - 1800
The Spread of Protestantism
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Ulrich Zwingli –
proposed reforms
went even further
than those of
Luther
Theocracy government in
which church and
state are joined
and in which the
officials are
considered to be
divinely inspired
His movement
gained support in
Switzerland, but
Luther and his
supporters opposed
him
•John Calvin –
most important
Protestant
reformer
•Predestination –
holds that God
knows who will be
saved and guides
the lives of those
destined for
salvation
•Instituted a
religious
government in
Switzerland
1200 - 1800
Protestantism Spreads to
England
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As the Protestant
Reformation began with
criticisms of the Catholic
Church, In England, it
began with the king
King Henry VIII – wanted
to divorce Queen Catherine
of Aragon because he could
not give him a male heir
Wanted to get his marriage
annulled, or declared
invalid based on church
laws, so he could remarry
Founded the Church of
England and broke away
from the Catholic Church;
also married Anne Boleyn
1200 - 1800
Henry’s Heirs
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Henry VIII had six wives
First wife Catherine of
Aragon – daughter - Mary
Second wife Anne Boleyn –
daughter - Elizabeth
Third wife Jane Seymour –
son – Edward VI
Last three – no children
King
Edward VI died at 15;
Queen Mary restored Catholicism
and burned hundreds of people at the
stake “Bloody Mary”
Queen Elizabeth – Protestantism
and restored Church of England
1200 - 1800
4. The Counter-Reformation
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Catholics at all levels
recognized the need for
reform in the Church.
Their work turned back
the tide of
Protestantism in some
areas and renewed the
zeal of Catholics
everywhere
Known as the Counter
Reformation – cleanse
the Catholic Church
Jesuits
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1200 - 1800
Early reformers before
Jesuits – Girolamo Savonarola
– change the church – “the
bonfire of the vanities
Jesuits – renewed the
church’s emphasis on
spirituality and service –
Society of Jesus
Founded by Ignatius of
Loyola- combat the Protestant
Reformation
Ignatius of Loyola-
1200 - 1800
The Council of Trent
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Pope Paul III – convened
the Council of Trent in
1545 –
examined the criticisms
of the Protestants and
the delegates addressed
the abuses that weakened
the church
Council rejected
Protestant emphasis on
individual faith and
argued that the church
could help believers
achieve salvation
1200 - 1800
Reforming Catholics
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Charles Borromeo –
archbishop of Milan
1560 – 1584 –
implemented the
reforms ordered by
the council
Francis of Sales –
regained Savoy, under
control of Calvin
Teresa of Avila – most
famous female spiritual
leader who inspired
many would-be
Protestants to remain
Catholic
1200 - 1800
The Inquisition
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Roman Inquisition – Catholic
Church established a church
court to fight Protestantism
Protestants are witches; led
to Spanish inquisition –Index
of Forbidden Books
Seen by Protestants as
further abuses of the
Catholic Church
1200 - 1800
Religious and Social Effects
The Counter Reformation
affected the whole world at
the time
 A renewed zeal for
Catholicism spread throughout
continents (Jesuits)
 Rifts opened in the Protestant
church
 Persecution and Hysteria –
Muslims and Jews are heretics
– forced to convert or leave
 Witchcraft trials – sentenced
to death for being a heretic
Salem, Mass (U.S.)
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1200 - 1800
Religious Wars and Unrest
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In 1494, King Charles VIII of
France invaded Italy
Began a series of wars in
which France and Spain were
fighting for the Italian
peninsula
Wars helped expand the
Italian Renaissance
Conflicts among Germans –
Peasants War (taxes) –led to
Peace of Augsburg – let the
prince decide what religion
would be practiced
King Charles VIII